Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Speech > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Sound

A

Waves transmitted through a medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Communication

A

Exchange of information with a sender and a receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Speech

A

Acoustic signal, coding, or representation of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Language

A

Abstract, agreed upon set of symbols that represent meaning

Rule based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor Speech Processes: Message Planning

A

What do I want to say?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Motor Speech Processes: Message Coding

A

How do I say it (what words do I use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motor Speech Processes: Motor Planning

A

Choose the movement strategies, taking into account the intended goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor Speech Processes: Motor Programming

A

What muscles, how much, when, how long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor Speech Processes: Execution

A

Activation of motor neurons, activation of respiratory, resonatory, phonatory, and articulatory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Motor Speech Disorders

A

Acquired neuromotor speech disorders
Neurogenic speech disorders
Due to damage, disease, developmental differences of neural centers and pathways of speech production in the CNS and/or PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disorders of motor programming/planning

A

Apraxia or dyspraxia

No motor weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disorders of neuromotor execution

A

Dysarthria
Must be differentiated from other disorders like psychogenic disorders, normal aging, structural differences
Result of disturbance in execution of speech movements
Language generally uneffected
Related to movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Limb apraxia

A

Cant perform actions with body on demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Orofacial apraxia

A

Cant complete gestures with articulators such as sticking out tongue on demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flaccid Dysarthria

A

Lower Motor Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spastic Dysarthria

A

Bilateral upper motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ataxic Dysarthria

A

Cerebellum/cerebellar control circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

A 
Basal Ganglia (substantia nigra)
PD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

A

Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Methods of Studying Motor Speech Disorders

A

Perceptual (gold standard)
Instrumental
Acoustic
Visual imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dimensions of Motor Speech Disorder: Age of Onset

A 
congenital or acquired
acute/subacute/chronic)
Acute: Symptoms within minutes
Subacute: Happens over days
Chronic: Happens over months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dimensions of Motor Speech Disorder: Cause or Etiology

A

Genetic, infection, unknown, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dimensions of Motor Speech Disorder: Natural course

A

Transient: symptoms will resolve
Stationary: remain unchanged after reaching maximum severity
Improving: symptoms reduced in severity but have not resolved
Progressive/degenerative: symptoms continue to get worse over time
Exacerbating/remitting: symptoms may improve or resolve then become exacerbated and possibly worsen, like MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dimensions of Motor Speech Disorders

A 
Age of onset
Cause/etiology
Natural course
Site of lesion
Neurologic diagnosis
Pathopysiology
Subsystems involved
Severity
Perceptual characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dimensions of Motor Speech Disorder: Pathopysiology

A

Changes caused by the disorder such as weakness or spacticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Etiology

A 
Vascular
Inflammatory
Traumatic/Toxic
Anoxic or autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic (unknown cause) or latrogenic (treatment induced)
Neoplastic (tumor)
Altered brain morphology
Degenerative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment Approaches

A

AAC
Normalizing pysiological support (reduce nasality, normalize loudness)
Teach Compensatory behaviors
Medical Approaches (surgery, drug, prosthetic)
Eliminate maladaptive behaviors
Interaction enhancement strategies (communication strategies)
Maintain communication skills (encourage continued communication and social interaction)
Strategies to alter negative attitudes of others (educate others)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ICF: Body Function

A

Physiological functions of body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ICF: Body Structures

A

Anatomical parts of the body, limbs, organs, and their components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ICF: Impairments

A

Problems in body function or structure such as significant deviation or loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ICF: Activity

A

Execution of a task or action by an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ICF: Participation

A

Involvement in life situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ICF: Activity Limitation

A

Difficulties an individual may have in executing activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ICF: Participation Restrictions

A

Problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ICF: Environmental Factors

A

Make up physical, social, attitudinal, and environment in which people live and conduct their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Source-Filter Theory

A

Source is what generates sound (VF, stops and fricatives are also a source at the point of closure)
Filter modifies the sound (rest of the vocal tract, can lengthen vocal tract by rounding lips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ten Functional Components of Speech

A 
Abdominal muscles
Diaphragm
Rib Cage
Larynx
Tongue/pharynx
Posterior Tongue
Velopharynx
Jaw
Lips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Four Major Subsystems of Speech

A

Respiratory (most common issue in motor speech disorders)
Phonatory
Velopharyngeal
Articulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Respiratory/Pulmonary System

A

Breathing
Speech
Three functional components: diaphragm, rib cage, abdominal muscles, needed for subglottal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Major muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume

43
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume

44
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount remaining in lungs after maximum exhale (keeps lungs from collapsing)

45
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume

46
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level

47
Q

Expiratory capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the resting inspiratory position

48
Q

Vital capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and tidal volume (maximum amount of air that can be fully exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible)

49
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

50
Q

Rest breathing

A

40% inhalation 60% exhalation

51
Q

Speech breathing

A

10% inhalation 90% exhalation

52
Q

Subglottal pressure needed for phonation

A

3-5cm H2O

53
Q

What is the only bone in the larynx?

A

Hyoid (all others are cartilage)

54
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Elevate and depress the larynx

55
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Connect cartilages

56
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoids

A

Open (abduct) vocal folds

57
Q

Cricothyroids

A

Elongate VFs to change pitch

58
Q

Velopharyngeal mechanism involves….

A

Velum (soft palate) and nasopharynx

59
Q

Velopharyngeal closure: Coronal

A

Velum raises up to meet the back of the pharynx

60
Q

Velopharyngeal closure: Sagittal

A

Most movement is in lateral pharyngeal wall, sides close in to meet velum

61
Q

Velopharyngeal closure: Circular

A

Equal movement of the velum and lateral pharyngeal wall

62
Q

Velopharyngeal closure: Circular with Passavant’s ridge

A

Equal movement of lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall and velum

63
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

A

Muscles used to move the tongue

64
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

A

Stabilize the tongue

65
Q

Sensory innervation for anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

General sensation CNV

Taste CNVII

66
Q

Posterior innervation for posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Taste and temperature CNIX

67
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death

68
Q

Lesion

A

Area of damage

69
Q

Infarct

A

Area of necrosis due to vascular disturbance, later replaced by scar tissue

70
Q

Ischemia

A

Deficiency of blood flow due to obstruction or constriction

71
Q

Focal

A

Involving a single area

72
Q

Multifocal

A

Involving more than one area

73
Q

Diffuse

A

Involving roughly symmetric portions of the nervous system bilaterally

74
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Execute movement

75
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex

A

Plan and coordinate complex movement

76
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Integrates sensory information and prepares primary motor cortex for execution

77
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

Neurons of brainstem and spinal cord whose axons terminate on muscles

78
Q

Damage to Lower Motor Neurons results in….

A

Flaccid dysarthria

79
Q

All motor CNs are….

A

LMNs

80
Q

Efferent pathways

A

Leaving CNS

81
Q

Afferent pathways

A

Sensory, returning to CNS

82
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal (Mixed)
Muscles of mastication, sensation to head jaw and forehead
Tactile sensation for anterior 2/3 of tongue

83
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve (mixed)
Muscles for facial expression
Taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
Upper part of face is bilaterally innervated
Lower part is contralaterally innervated
Lesion in UMN would affect lower contralateral side
Lesion in LMN would affect upper and lower face

84
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Gag reflex
Sensory input from posterior 1/3 of tongue

85
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (mixed)
Innervates muscles of larynx, respiration
Raises the velum

86
Q

CN XI

A 
Spinal Accessory (motor)
Levator and uvula
87
Q

CN XII

A 
Hypoglossal (motor)
Innervates Tongue
Innervated contralaterally
Will deveate toward weaker side
LMN damage will lead to fasciculations and atrophy
88
Q

Pyramidal System

A

Direct activation pathway
Skilled voluntary movements
Conscious higher level control
Lesions result in: hypotonia, weakness, babinski reflex

89
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Pyramidal system

Cortex to brainstem/cranial motor systems

90
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Pyramidal system

Controls distal muscles of limbs

91
Q

Extrapyramidal System

A 
Indirect Activation Pathway
Coordinate basic movements
Suppress undesired movements
Posture and tone
Hypertonia, hyper-reflexia, hyperactive gag
92
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Influences movement generated by primary motor cortex
Contributes to cognitive and affective deficits
Pass signals for intentional movement and inhibit undesired movement
Abnormalities can lead to over or under filtering (PD is over filtering, HC is under filtering)

93
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance, coordination
Compares intended signal to actual movement
Dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria

94
Q

TBI

A

Non Progressive MSD
Ataxia in cerebellar damage
Tremors, dystonic movements
Noisy, disinhibited, confused and disorientation
Post Traumatic Amnesia
60% acutely Dx with dysarthria, 10% chronic dysarthria

95
Q

Cortical CVAs

A

Aphasia
Apraxia
Dysarthria
Unilateral lesions most effects articulation, may produce contralateral weakness or transient mild dysarthria
Bilateral lesions: bulbar palsy, locked in syndrome

96
Q

ALS

A

Bulbar signs effect speech first, progresses quickly
Spinal/limb is harder to notice at first
Often progress to mixed
Effects CNS and PNS
UMN: Weakness, increased tone, hyper reflexia
LMN: weakness, flaccidity, atrophy
Implement AAC when speaking at 100-125 wpm

97
Q

Guillan Barre

A

Similar to MS but myelin in PNS destroyed

Most recover

98
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Hypokinetic dysarthria
Substantia nigra of basal ganglia
Hypokinetic, bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor
Implement LSVT at stage 2 to recalibrate loudness

99
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

Excessive movement
Hyperkinetic
Debilitating movement disorders (chorea is hallmark), personality and cognitive changes
Dementia is also a hallmark

100
Q

MS

A

Myelin destroyed in the CNS

Impairments vary based on site of lesion

101
Q

Duchenne Muscular Distrophy

A

Loss or malfunction of dystrophin protein
Disturbance in gait
Eventually in a wheelchair
High risk of respiratory impairment

102
Q

Lupus

A

Inflammation of joints, organs, and tissues
Fever and fatigue
Butterfly rash on face
Memory loss
Chorea, ataxia, dystonia, facial weakness, vocal fold paresis
Not terminal, but chronic, waxes and wanes

103
Q

Sydenham’s Chorea (St. Vitus’ Dance)

A

Results from childhood infections
Jerky, explosive speech
Transient breathiness
Harsh or strained-strangled vocal quality
Involuntary movements of mouth and larynx
Infection destroys cells in striatum of basal ganglia
Many acute symptoms spontaneously resolve

104
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

May appear similar to PD, HC, CP, Tourettes, stroke
Sudden uncontrollable movements
Tic-like movements in facial muscles
Sometimes symptoms diminish but some are permanent

Motor Speech (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions