Exam 1 Flashcards
0
Q
When did embalming start?
A
Ancient times
1
Q
When did the preservation of foods using microbiology start?
A
Ancient times
2
Q
Who is the English scientist famous for his work with microscopes?
A
Robert Hooke
3
Q
When did Robert Hooke study his cells of cork?
A
1600 to 1800
4
Q
Who coined the word cell?
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
What is Anthony van Leeuwenhoek famous for?
A
Primitive microscope using ground glass
6
Q
What nationality is Anthony van Leewenhoek?
A
Dutch
7
Q
Who is famous for identifying “animalcules”?
A
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
8
Q
Who opens up the science of microbiology?
A
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
9
Q
What is Francesco Redi famous for?
A
Beginning to disprove spontaneous generation
10
Q
What nationality is Francesco Redi?
A
Italian
11
Q
Who set up jars of meat to test spontaneous generation theory?
A
Francesco Redi
12
Q
What is Edward Jenner famous for?
A
First vaccine against small pox using cowpox scraping.
13
Q
What is profession of Edward Jenner?
A
Medical doctor
14
Q
When was Anthony van Leeuwenhoek’s work?
A
1600 to 1800
15
Q
When was Francesco redi’s work?
A
1600 to 1800
16
Q
When was Edward jenner’s work?
A
1600 to 1800
17
Q
When was Louis Pasteur’s work?
A
1800
18
Q
What is Louis Pasteur famous for?
A
Pasteurization
19
Q
What two industries did Louis Pasteur save in France?
A
Wine Silkworm (silk industry)
20
Q
What vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop?
A
Rabies
21
Q
Who is famous for the germ theory?
A
Robert Koch
22
Q
When is Robert koch’s work?
A
1800s
23
Q
When was Louis Pasteur’s work?
A
1800
24
What did people use to think about germs in 1800s?
If you were immoral or bad you would get diseases.
25
What is step one of Koch postulates?
Disease and microbe must Always be present in host.
26
What is step two of Koch postulates?
Isolate microbe in pure culture
27
What is step three of Koch postulates?
Infect new healthy host with microbe from pure culture and produce disease again.
28
What is step four of Koch postulates?
Reisolate microbe from second host
29
What are three problems with Koch postulates?
Viruses:step two cannot be carried out because they need a host
Small Pox:only in humans, who would want to participate?
HIV:symptoms take decades to show up
30
What solidifying agent did Robert Koch start using?
Agar
31
What did Robert Koch establish?
Pure cultures using agar
32
Who was the doctor who first started sterilizing surgical instruments?
Joseph Lister, MD
33
Who suggested hand washing in healthcare?
Ignaz Semmelweis
34
When was hand washing in healthcare suggested?
1800s
35
When were surgical instruments first sterilized?
1800s
36
When was Salvarsan (first chemical for disease) discovered?
1900s
37
How many chemicals did Paul Ehrlich study?
606
38
What does Salvarsan kill?
Syphlis
39
What is the base of Salvarsan?
Arsenic
40
What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
Salvarsan and sulfa drugs still used today
41
Who discovered Salvarsan? When?
Paul Ehrlich, 1900s
42
Who discovered the first true antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
43
What did Alexander Fleming discover?
1st antibiotic, penicillin
44
Antibiotic definition?
Chemical produced by one organism to prohibit the growth of another organism
45
When did the mass production of penicillin begin?
1940s, WWII
46
When did the age of antibiotics begin?
1950s
47
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
48
When was the structure of DNA discovered?
1953
49
When were restriction enzymes discovered?
1970s
50
What was the result of the discovery of restriction enzymes?
DNA could be manipulated
51
When was polymerase method for copying DNA discovered?
1980s
52
What could be used to diagnose viral infections?
PCR, polymerase method
53
Now how do viral infections get diagnosed?
Wait for body to produce antibodies
54
When was the Nobel prize awarded for the discovery of prions?
1997
55
When was the human genome project?
2000
56
What was the human genome project?
Discovered the order genes come in, ATCG
57
When was the anthrax scare?
Right after 9/11, 2001
58
When was SARS and bird flu discovered?
2003
59
What is mortality rate of bird flu?
50%
60
When did government and world begin to prepare for bird flu and growing awareness begins?
2005
61
When was the swine flu H1N1 scare?
2009
62
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Coccus
Bacillus
Sprillum
63
What is strepto?
Chain of bacteria
64
What is tetrad?
4 cluster bacteria
65
What is sarcinae?
8 cluster bacteria
66
Bacillus, plural or singular?
Singular
67
Bacilli, plural or singular?
Plural
68
Bacterium, singular or plural?
Singular
69
Bacteria, singular or plural?
Plural
70
What is vibrio?
Rice like shape of sprillum bacteria
71
What are agents?
Non-living and infectious
72
Can viruses replicate on their own?
No
73
What are germs and pathogens?
Disease causing microbes
74
What % of atmosphere is nitrogen gas?
79%
75
What are building blocks of
| Protein?
Amino acids
76
What is microbiology definition?
Study of little life forms
77
Are microbes living?
Yes
78
Where are 7 places you expect to see normal flora?
```
Nose/throat
Eyes
Mouth
Skin
Large intestine
Vagina
Urethra
```
79
What is nitrogen fixing?
Microbes that take nitrogen and make new amino acids
80
What are the 3 domains of organisms?
Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
81
What is binary fission?
Split in two!
82
Bacteria belong to what domain?
Prokaryotic
83
What does prokaryotic mean?
No organelles, simple cells
84
What is in bacteria cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
85
Bacteria are unicellular, t or f?
T
86
Viruses are acellular, t or f?
T
87
What is the protein coat on viruses called?
Capsid
88
Are viruses parasitic?
Yes, always!!
89
What domain are fungi in?
Eukaryotic
90
What domain are protists in?
Eukaryotic
91
Protists are unicellular, t or f?
T
92
How are protists classified?
By means of movement
93
What are helminths?
Multicellular worms
94
What are prions?
Infectious proteins
95
What is the body's response to pathogens?
Immune system
96
What is mycology?
Study of fungi
97
What is parasitology?
Study of worms and protists
98
What does molecular biology study?
RNA and DNA
99
What belongs to eukarya classification?
Plants, animals, fungi, protistans
100
Why do we classify?
So we can predict and not have to start over
101
What is eubacteria?
True bacteria, includes pathogens
102
Archaeabacteria do what?
Live in extreme environments, deep in ocean/bpiling water/ice
103
What to eukarya have?
True nuclei, complex and have organelles
104
2 parts of scientific name
Genus and specific epithet
105
Scientific name is what if written?
Underlined
106
Scientific name is what if typed?
Italics
107
How do you write scientific names in papers?
Write it out first and then abbreviate genus name and write out specific epithet
108
How do giardi lambia move?
Flagella
109
What does giardi lamblia cause?
Hikers diarrhea
110
Do fungi do photosynthesis?
No!
111
What are protists?
Eukaryotic, multi-cellular
112
How do protists move?
Cilia
Flagella
Psuedopodia
113
Is there genetic info in prions?
No
114
How are prions transmitted?
Through ingestion and cause neurological changes
115
What is humoral immunity?
Antibodies made by B cells
116
What shape are proteins made by humoral immunity?
Y shaped proteins that have sticky ends and have affinity for specific things
117
What is cellular immunity?
T cells do surveillance and kill virus infected cells and cancer cells
118
Are prions stable?
Yes, tremendously stable so there is no way to kill them
119
Dr Bruce Ivans caused what?
Anthrax scare
