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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do Microorganism do

A
  1. Contrubte to the quality of human and life in general ( Food Production, Bioodegration, Antiboitcs)
  2. Maintain the balance of chemival elements in nature( Recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus)
  3. Breakdown the remains of all that die
  4. Microbes are able to degrade cellulse, leaves and fallen trees do not pile up
  5. Infectious diesases
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2
Q

Hierarchy

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,Genus, Species

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3
Q

Nomenclature

A

Genus First same, Always Cap.. Species, Second name

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

NO NUCLEUS, NO membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have nucleus, have organelles

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

Single Celled, Cell wall contains protein carbohydrate comeplex ( peptidglycan)

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7
Q

Archaea

A

Lack cell wall.. or cell wall lacks peptidoglycan

Extreamophilies

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8
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotes

Uni/Multcellular

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9
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

Moves by flagella, cilia or pseudopods

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10
Q

Algea

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes

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11
Q

Viruses

A

Aceullular. No cytoplasm/organelle
No Metabolism of their own
Must replicate using the host cells metabolic machinery
Possess either DNA/RNA but not both

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12
Q

Total Magnification

A

Objective lens maginifcation x Ocular lens magification ( power)

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13
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structures
The ability of the leanse to distinguish 2 points a specific distance apart

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14
Q

Path of light

A

Illuminator-Condesnor lenses-objectivelens-body tube-prisum-acular lens- line of visums

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15
Q

Bright field illumination

A

Shows internal strucutres and the outline of the transparaent pellicle ( external covering)
Path of light- Lgith condenser lens specimen objective lens ocular lens

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16
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

Aginst a black background, edges of the cell are bright some internal structures seem to sparkle and the pellicle is almost visible
Has a special condenser ( opagque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. Only light that reaches the specimen come in at an angle, only light reflected by the specimenas reaches the objective lens

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17
Q

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

A

Makes cells and other dense materials appear darker.
Useful to look at internal structures in details and in living organism.
Passes through a ring shaped diaphramge.

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18
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

Stained with fluorochromes

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19
Q

Confocal Microscopy

A

Produce 3 dimensional images

Uses fluorochromes stains

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20
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Beam of electrons is used instead of light

Two Types: Transmission, Scanning

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21
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A 
Electron Mic
View internal strucutres
Specimen is frozen and cut into thins slices
Stained with heavy metals
Darker ateas are denser portions
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22
Q

Scanning Electron

A

observe surface details of the cell
Coated with thin film of metal
Electron are released from the specimena nd reflected back into the viewing chamber

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23
Q

Gram Staining Process

A

Crystal Violet ( 30 s) Stains cell purple
DI water
Iodine( 10s) Stainscells remain purple
DI water
Alcohol- Decolorizer(10-20s) Gram = remain purple.. Gram - Cells appear colorless
DI water
Safranin ( 30s) Gram + cells remain purple
Gram neg cells appear pink
DI water
Dry with bibulous paper

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24
Q

Gram positive

A

Higher peptiodglycan content
Low Lipid content
Shrinking of the pores upon alcholo treatment
Crystal violet iodine complex is retained inside the cell

*Thick cell wall**

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25
Q

Gram negative

A 
Low peptidoglycan content
Higher lipid content
Dissolution of the lipid membrane upon alcohol treatment
Complex is washed out
Cell takes up counterstain
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26
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

Identify bacteria in mycobacterium genus

Have waxy material in cell walls

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27
Q

Negative staining for capsules

A

cant be stained

mixed in solution will give background a contrasting

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28
Q

Endospore Staining

A

Gram + bac
Cant be stained
Use Schaeffer Fulton Endospore stain techineues

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29
Q

Schaeffer- Fulton Stain

A

Heatfix smear
Put paper over it and over a steamer
Take paper off
Stain with malachite green which can penitrate thick cell walls ( stains green)
counter stain with safranin ( staining red)

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30
Q

Flagella Staining

A

Staining agent used to adheres to and coats the flagella.. increases their diameter

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31
Q

Giemsa Staining

A

Used to differentiate nuclear/Cytoplasmic morphologys of Plateletes, RBC,WBC, Parasites
Methylene Blue and Eosin

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32
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
No nucleus
No Histones 
No Membrane bound organells
peptidoglycan cell walls
Divide by binary fission
BAc and Archaea
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33
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical

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34
Q

Rod-Shaped

A

Bacillus ( Rods)

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35
Q

Spiral

A

Vibrio, Spirillum,Spirochete

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36
Q

Diplo

A

Chains ( two together)

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37
Q

Strepto

A

Chain of cocci

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38
Q

Chains

A

Diplo ( two together)

Strepto- Long chain

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39
Q

Packets

A

Sarcinae

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40
Q

Sarcinae

A

Packets

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41
Q

Clusters

A

Cells divided in several planes at random

Staphylo

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42
Q

Staphylo

A

Cluster

Cells divided in several planes at random

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43
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Substance that surround the cell
Polysaccharides
Organized: firmly attached to cell wall:l Capsule
Unorganized loosely attached: Slime layer
Acts as barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules
enables adherence to other bacteria

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44
Q

Flagellum

A

Basal body, engine

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45
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Directed movement of an organism in response to a certian chemical in the environment.. Towards or away

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46
Q

Pili/Fimbriae

A

All Gram negative
Shaft composed of pilin( proteins)
Conjugation ( transfer of DNA)
Fimbriae- Promote attachment to other bac and host

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47
Q

Cell wall formation

A

NAG and NAM Alternating 10-65 rows

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48
Q

NAM

A

N-Acetylmuramic Acid
Peptide chains are attached forming 3D mesh like layer
Can be crossed linked ( Gram +)

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49
Q

Gram positive Cell Wall

A 
thick
Lipoteichoic acid ata surce
Teichoic acid in cytoplasmic membrane
Binds Mg and NA
Involes surface antigens in adherence
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50
Q

Gram Negitive Cell Wall

A

Thin
Outter Membrane
NO teichoic acid
Peptidoglycan is bounded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane

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51
Q

Out membrane of gram neg

A

Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS)
Lipoproteins
Phospholiids
Porin Proteins

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52
Q

LPS Componets

A

Lipid A
Core Polysaccharide
O Antigen

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53
Q

Lipid A

A

in LPS
Basic component
REsponsible for endotoxin activity

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54
Q

Core Polysacccharide

A

In LPS
Branched polysaccharide of 9-12 sugars
Structural role

55
Q

O antigen

A

50-100 repeating saccharide units
Alllows serotype disinctions
Varies

56
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall
Plasma membrane contains lipids- sterols
Pro exception

57
Q

Archea

A

Lacks Cell wall
Or composed of poly and protins
No peptidoglycan instread they have pesudomurein
(Pro Exceptions)

58
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane functions

A

Selectove semi-permeablivly
Breakdown of nutrients
Production of ATP

59
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contians Proteins, Carbs, lipis, ions and low MW compounds

Major structures: Nucleoid, plasmids, Ribosomes, reserve deosites ( inclusions)

60
Q

Nucleoid

A

long single molecule of double stranded helical supercoiled DNA
Represents the bac genome

61
Q

Plasmids

A

Double stranded helical non chromosomal DNA

Code for synthesis proteins

62
Q

two complexes of Ribosome

A

70s in prok ( 30+50)
80S in eu ( 60+40)
RNA nd proteins
Two subunits combine during protein synthesis

63
Q

Inclusions

A

reserve deposits
Starch glycogen lipids sulfer phosphate
store up extra nutrients for when it is in short supply
Gas vacuoles maintain buoyancy

64
Q

Endospores

A

Most resistnat life form known

Resistant structures formed by G+

65
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA in cucleus
Membrane bound organells
Mitosis&Meiosis

66
Q

ER

A

Flattened membranous Sacs

Rough ER&smooth ER

67
Q

Rough ER

A

Sythesis of secretory proteins and membrane molecules

Outer surface is filled with ribosomes

68
Q

Smooth ER

A

NO Ribosomes

Synthesis of phosohplipds, fats, steroids

69
Q

Golgi Complex

A

within Rough ER

Transporting protein

70
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrnae

&0s ribosomes & some DNA

71
Q

Chloroplasts

A

ChlorohpyII

70S

72
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Anaerobic
Needs: 2 ATP
Production of 4 ATP and 2 NADH/Glucose
Gain: 2ATP
Produces 2 NADH
73
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate converts into CoA
2 ATP
6NADH
2FASH2

74
Q

Aerobic

A

Finial electron acceptor is an O2

38 ATP produce

75
Q

Anaerobic

A

Finial electron acceptor is an inorganic molecules other then O2
38 ATP Produce

76
Q

Anaerobic respiration examples

A

NO3-: Bacillus & Pseudomonas

SO42-: Desulfovibrio

77
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A 
Alternate to glycolysis
Break down 5 carbon sugars
produce 1 ATP
USed by B.Subtilis
E.coli
E.Faecalis
78
Q

organisum that use pentose phosphate pathway

A

B. Subtilis
E.Coli
E. Faecalis

79
Q

Entner Doudoroff Pathway

A 
Alternate to glycolysis
Metabolize flucoses without either glycolysis or pentose phsophate 
1 ATP produce
Used in Hisobium
Pseudomonas
Agrobacterium
80
Q

Fermentation

A

Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules
No Oxygen
No Kreb/ETC

81
Q

Lipid CAtabolism

A

Lipids ( Fats) two paths

  1. Glycerol-Glycolysis-Krebs
  2. Lipase-Fatty ACid-Acetyl CoA ( No glycoses)-Krebs
82
Q

Protein Catabolism

A 
Proteins-Proteases/peptidase-Amino Acids
( Three ways)
1. Dehydrogenation
2. Decarboxylation
3. Deamination-Kreb Cycle
83
Q

Light Dependent Reaction

A

Light Energry convert ADP to ATP
Convertion of NADP to NADPH
Chlorophyll A absorbs energy from the light in plants algae and cyanobactria
Bacteriocholorophlls ysed in purple sulfur & Green sulfur bac

84
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Absorbs energy from the light in algae, plants, and cyanobactria

85
Q

Bacteriochlorophylls

A

absorbs energy from light in purple sulfur and green sulfur bac

86
Q

light independent reactions

A

dark reactions

Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars

87
Q

How Bacteria replicate

A

Binary Fission

One bac slipts into two

88
Q

Generation time

A 
time it takes for a population to double in size
Nt=N0 (x) 2^2
Nt-Population at given time
No-originial
N- divisions
89
Q

What influences bacterial growth

A

Physical: Temp,pH, Osmotic pressure
Chem: Carbon,Energy sources, o2, n2, sulfur, phosphorus, water, K,Mg,CA, trace elements, organic growth factors

90
Q

Psychrophilies

A

Cold loving bac.. Oceans depths, polar

  • 5 - 15C
    ex. H.Globosa
91
Q

H.globosa

A

Psychrophilies

92
Q

Psychrotrophs

A

20-30C
Erqinia
Actetobacter
Lactobacillus

93
Q

Actetobacter

A

Psychrotrophs

Major role in food spoilage

94
Q

membrane of psychrophilis and psychrotrophs

A

lipids are pliable at lower temp
membrane is more fluid
Works better at lower temps or membrane would semi froz stopping all chemical reactions

95
Q

Mesophiles

A 
Moderate temps
25-45C
Most bac
common in soil/body
Ex. E.coli, S.areus,B.cereus
96
Q

E.coli

A

Mesophiles

97
Q

S.aureus

A

Mesophils

98
Q

B.cerus

A

Mesophiles

99
Q

Thermophiles

A

Higher Temps
Found in hot springs, compost
T.thermophilus

100
Q

T. thermophilus

A

Thermophiles

101
Q

Hyperthermophiels

A 
Grow at very high temps
70-100C
Archae
ocean
Ex. P.Furiosus
102
Q

P. furiosus

A

Hyperthermophiles

103
Q

Neutrophiles

A

pH5-8

104
Q

Acidophiles

A

pH below 5.5
Pumps protons out
L.acidophilus
A. thiooxidans

105
Q

L. Acidophilus

A

Acidophiles

106
Q

A. thiooidans

A

Acidophiles

107
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

pH above 8.5
Brings protons in
P. Alcaliphila

108
Q

P. Alcaliphila

A

Alkaliphiles

109
Q

obligate halophiles

A

require high salt concentration for growth

110
Q

Facultative halophiles

A

tolerate up to 2% salt, but don’t need it

111
Q

Autotrophs

A

require only carbons dioxide as a carbon dource

Green plants

112
Q

Heterotrophs

A

REquire organic forms of carbons
Cant synthesize from inorganic nutrients
obtain energry by breaking down substanceeatten

All animals and most microorganisms

113
Q

Phototrophs

A

Light as primary energy source

114
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Use oxidation and reduction of chem compounds as primary energy source
Animals fugi and most bac

115
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

light and co2 as main carbon source

Transforms co2 and water into carbs and oxygen through photosynthesis

116
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

light as energy but cant convert co2 into enrergry
Use organic compounds as carbon source
Green nonsulur bac and purple nonsulfur bac

117
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

inorganic componds ( Sulfer, NH3, H2, Hs< FE) as energy source and CO2 as main carbon source

118
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

organic compunds as both an energy source and a carbon source
Most bac, protozonas , fungi, animals

119
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

grow ONLY in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
38 molecules of ATP generated
Catalase and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) neutralze toxic forms of oxygen

120
Q

Catalase and superoxide dismutase

A

Neutralize toxic forms of oxygen

121
Q

Microaerophiles

A

require low concetration of oxygen for growth
inhibited growth at high concentration
aerobic respiration
Catal & SOD neutralize toxic forms of oxygen

122
Q

Superoxide Dismutase

A

O2 + 02 + 2H =–> H2O2 +O2

superoxide radicals) (Hydr. Peroxide

123
Q

Catalase

A

2H2o2 —-> 2H2O + O2

124
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Grow only in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation
Lacks Catalase and SOD

125
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

CANT use oxygen
Can grow in its presence
Fermentation and obligate fermentation
SOD presence

126
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Grow w. or w.out oxygen better with oxygen
Aerobic respiration ( O2 presents)
Fermentation/Anaerobic ( No O2)

Most Bac

127
Q

Nitrogen

A

Needed for synthesis of amino acids, SNA, RNA, and ATP

128
Q

Sulfur

A

Needed to synthesize sulfur containing amino acids ( Cysteine and methionine and certin vitamines

129
Q

Phosphorus

A

Needed to synthesize phospholipis, DNA, RNA and ATP

130
Q

WAter

A

Universal solvent

131
Q

Enzyme function what is needed?

A

K,Mg, CA

132
Q

Trace elements

A

function as cofactors in enzyme reation
needed in low amounts
Na zn cu mo mn co

133
Q

Organic growth factors

A

essential organic compunds a microorganism is unable to synthesize
AA puriens pyrimidines vitamins

Microbiology (3 decks)

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