Exam 1 Flashcards
What do Microorganism do
- Contrubte to the quality of human and life in general ( Food Production, Bioodegration, Antiboitcs)
- Maintain the balance of chemival elements in nature( Recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus)
- Breakdown the remains of all that die
- Microbes are able to degrade cellulse, leaves and fallen trees do not pile up
- Infectious diesases
Hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,Genus, Species
Nomenclature
Genus First same, Always Cap.. Species, Second name
Prokaryotes
NO NUCLEUS, NO membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Have nucleus, have organelles
Bacteria
Single Celled, Cell wall contains protein carbohydrate comeplex ( peptidglycan)
Archaea
Lack cell wall.. or cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Extreamophilies
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Uni/Multcellular
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes
Moves by flagella, cilia or pseudopods
Algea
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
Viruses
Aceullular. No cytoplasm/organelle
No Metabolism of their own
Must replicate using the host cells metabolic machinery
Possess either DNA/RNA but not both
Total Magnification
Objective lens maginifcation x Ocular lens magification ( power)
Resolution
The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structures
The ability of the leanse to distinguish 2 points a specific distance apart
Path of light
Illuminator-Condesnor lenses-objectivelens-body tube-prisum-acular lens- line of visums
Bright field illumination
Shows internal strucutres and the outline of the transparaent pellicle ( external covering)
Path of light- Lgith condenser lens specimen objective lens ocular lens
Darkfield microscopy
Aginst a black background, edges of the cell are bright some internal structures seem to sparkle and the pellicle is almost visible
Has a special condenser ( opagque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. Only light that reaches the specimen come in at an angle, only light reflected by the specimenas reaches the objective lens
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Makes cells and other dense materials appear darker.
Useful to look at internal structures in details and in living organism.
Passes through a ring shaped diaphramge.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Stained with fluorochromes
Confocal Microscopy
Produce 3 dimensional images
Uses fluorochromes stains
Electron Microscopy
Beam of electrons is used instead of light
Two Types: Transmission, Scanning
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Electron Mic View internal strucutres Specimen is frozen and cut into thins slices Stained with heavy metals Darker ateas are denser portions
Scanning Electron
observe surface details of the cell
Coated with thin film of metal
Electron are released from the specimena nd reflected back into the viewing chamber
Gram Staining Process
Crystal Violet ( 30 s) Stains cell purple
DI water
Iodine( 10s) Stainscells remain purple
DI water
Alcohol- Decolorizer(10-20s) Gram = remain purple.. Gram - Cells appear colorless
DI water
Safranin ( 30s) Gram + cells remain purple
Gram neg cells appear pink
DI water
Dry with bibulous paper
Gram positive
Higher peptiodglycan content
Low Lipid content
Shrinking of the pores upon alcholo treatment
Crystal violet iodine complex is retained inside the cell
*Thick cell wall**
Gram negative
Low peptidoglycan content Higher lipid content Dissolution of the lipid membrane upon alcohol treatment Complex is washed out Cell takes up counterstain
Acid Fast Stain
Identify bacteria in mycobacterium genus
Have waxy material in cell walls
Negative staining for capsules
cant be stained
mixed in solution will give background a contrasting
Endospore Staining
Gram + bac
Cant be stained
Use Schaeffer Fulton Endospore stain techineues
Schaeffer- Fulton Stain
Heatfix smear
Put paper over it and over a steamer
Take paper off
Stain with malachite green which can penitrate thick cell walls ( stains green)
counter stain with safranin ( staining red)
Flagella Staining
Staining agent used to adheres to and coats the flagella.. increases their diameter
Giemsa Staining
Used to differentiate nuclear/Cytoplasmic morphologys of Plateletes, RBC,WBC, Parasites
Methylene Blue and Eosin
Prokaryotes
No nucleus No Histones No Membrane bound organells peptidoglycan cell walls Divide by binary fission BAc and Archaea
Coccus
Spherical
Rod-Shaped
Bacillus ( Rods)
Spiral
Vibrio, Spirillum,Spirochete
Diplo
Chains ( two together)
Strepto
Chain of cocci
Chains
Diplo ( two together)
Strepto- Long chain
Packets
Sarcinae
Sarcinae
Packets
Clusters
Cells divided in several planes at random
Staphylo
Staphylo
Cluster
Cells divided in several planes at random
Glycocalyx
Substance that surround the cell
Polysaccharides
Organized: firmly attached to cell wall:l Capsule
Unorganized loosely attached: Slime layer
Acts as barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules
enables adherence to other bacteria
Flagellum
Basal body, engine
Chemotaxis
Directed movement of an organism in response to a certian chemical in the environment.. Towards or away
Pili/Fimbriae
All Gram negative
Shaft composed of pilin( proteins)
Conjugation ( transfer of DNA)
Fimbriae- Promote attachment to other bac and host
Cell wall formation
NAG and NAM Alternating 10-65 rows
NAM
N-Acetylmuramic Acid
Peptide chains are attached forming 3D mesh like layer
Can be crossed linked ( Gram +)
Gram positive Cell Wall
thick Lipoteichoic acid ata surce Teichoic acid in cytoplasmic membrane Binds Mg and NA Involes surface antigens in adherence
Gram Negitive Cell Wall
Thin
Outter Membrane
NO teichoic acid
Peptidoglycan is bounded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane
Out membrane of gram neg
Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS)
Lipoproteins
Phospholiids
Porin Proteins
LPS Componets
Lipid A
Core Polysaccharide
O Antigen
Lipid A
in LPS
Basic component
REsponsible for endotoxin activity
Core Polysacccharide
In LPS
Branched polysaccharide of 9-12 sugars
Structural role
O antigen
50-100 repeating saccharide units
Alllows serotype disinctions
Varies
Mycoplasma
No cell wall
Plasma membrane contains lipids- sterols
Pro exception
Archea
Lacks Cell wall
Or composed of poly and protins
No peptidoglycan instread they have pesudomurein
(Pro Exceptions)
Cytoplasmic membrane functions
Selectove semi-permeablivly
Breakdown of nutrients
Production of ATP
Cytoplasm
Contians Proteins, Carbs, lipis, ions and low MW compounds
Major structures: Nucleoid, plasmids, Ribosomes, reserve deosites ( inclusions)
Nucleoid
long single molecule of double stranded helical supercoiled DNA
Represents the bac genome
Plasmids
Double stranded helical non chromosomal DNA
Code for synthesis proteins
two complexes of Ribosome
70s in prok ( 30+50)
80S in eu ( 60+40)
RNA nd proteins
Two subunits combine during protein synthesis
Inclusions
reserve deposits
Starch glycogen lipids sulfer phosphate
store up extra nutrients for when it is in short supply
Gas vacuoles maintain buoyancy
Endospores
Most resistnat life form known
Resistant structures formed by G+
Eukaryotes
DNA in cucleus
Membrane bound organells
Mitosis&Meiosis
ER
Flattened membranous Sacs
Rough ER&smooth ER
Rough ER
Sythesis of secretory proteins and membrane molecules
Outer surface is filled with ribosomes
Smooth ER
NO Ribosomes
Synthesis of phosohplipds, fats, steroids
Golgi Complex
within Rough ER
Transporting protein
Mitochondria
double membrnae
&0s ribosomes & some DNA
Chloroplasts
ChlorohpyII
70S
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Needs: 2 ATP Production of 4 ATP and 2 NADH/Glucose Gain: 2ATP Produces 2 NADH
Krebs cycle
Pyruvate converts into CoA
2 ATP
6NADH
2FASH2
Aerobic
Finial electron acceptor is an O2
38 ATP produce
Anaerobic
Finial electron acceptor is an inorganic molecules other then O2
38 ATP Produce
Anaerobic respiration examples
NO3-: Bacillus & Pseudomonas
SO42-: Desulfovibrio
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Alternate to glycolysis Break down 5 carbon sugars produce 1 ATP USed by B.Subtilis E.coli E.Faecalis
organisum that use pentose phosphate pathway
B. Subtilis
E.Coli
E. Faecalis
Entner Doudoroff Pathway
Alternate to glycolysis Metabolize flucoses without either glycolysis or pentose phsophate 1 ATP produce Used in Hisobium Pseudomonas Agrobacterium
Fermentation
Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules
No Oxygen
No Kreb/ETC
Lipid CAtabolism
Lipids ( Fats) two paths
- Glycerol-Glycolysis-Krebs
- Lipase-Fatty ACid-Acetyl CoA ( No glycoses)-Krebs
Protein Catabolism
Proteins-Proteases/peptidase-Amino Acids ( Three ways) 1. Dehydrogenation 2. Decarboxylation 3. Deamination-Kreb Cycle
Light Dependent Reaction
Light Energry convert ADP to ATP
Convertion of NADP to NADPH
Chlorophyll A absorbs energy from the light in plants algae and cyanobactria
Bacteriocholorophlls ysed in purple sulfur & Green sulfur bac
Chlorophyll A
Absorbs energy from the light in algae, plants, and cyanobactria
Bacteriochlorophylls
absorbs energy from light in purple sulfur and green sulfur bac
light independent reactions
dark reactions
Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars
How Bacteria replicate
Binary Fission
One bac slipts into two
Generation time
time it takes for a population to double in size Nt=N0 (x) 2^2 Nt-Population at given time No-originial N- divisions
What influences bacterial growth
Physical: Temp,pH, Osmotic pressure
Chem: Carbon,Energy sources, o2, n2, sulfur, phosphorus, water, K,Mg,CA, trace elements, organic growth factors
Psychrophilies
Cold loving bac.. Oceans depths, polar
- 5 - 15C
ex. H.Globosa
H.globosa
Psychrophilies
Psychrotrophs
20-30C
Erqinia
Actetobacter
Lactobacillus
Actetobacter
Psychrotrophs
Major role in food spoilage
membrane of psychrophilis and psychrotrophs
lipids are pliable at lower temp
membrane is more fluid
Works better at lower temps or membrane would semi froz stopping all chemical reactions
Mesophiles
Moderate temps 25-45C Most bac common in soil/body Ex. E.coli, S.areus,B.cereus
E.coli
Mesophiles
S.aureus
Mesophils
B.cerus
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
Higher Temps
Found in hot springs, compost
T.thermophilus
T. thermophilus
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiels
Grow at very high temps 70-100C Archae ocean Ex. P.Furiosus
P. furiosus
Hyperthermophiles
Neutrophiles
pH5-8
Acidophiles
pH below 5.5
Pumps protons out
L.acidophilus
A. thiooxidans
L. Acidophilus
Acidophiles
A. thiooidans
Acidophiles
Alkaliphiles
pH above 8.5
Brings protons in
P. Alcaliphila
P. Alcaliphila
Alkaliphiles
obligate halophiles
require high salt concentration for growth
Facultative halophiles
tolerate up to 2% salt, but don’t need it
Autotrophs
require only carbons dioxide as a carbon dource
Green plants
Heterotrophs
REquire organic forms of carbons
Cant synthesize from inorganic nutrients
obtain energry by breaking down substanceeatten
All animals and most microorganisms
Phototrophs
Light as primary energy source
Chemotrophs
Use oxidation and reduction of chem compounds as primary energy source
Animals fugi and most bac
Photoautotrophs
light and co2 as main carbon source
Transforms co2 and water into carbs and oxygen through photosynthesis
Photoheterotrophs
light as energy but cant convert co2 into enrergry
Use organic compounds as carbon source
Green nonsulur bac and purple nonsulfur bac
Chemoautotrophs
inorganic componds ( Sulfer, NH3, H2, Hs< FE) as energy source and CO2 as main carbon source
chemoheterotrophs
organic compunds as both an energy source and a carbon source
Most bac, protozonas , fungi, animals
Obligate Aerobes
grow ONLY in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
38 molecules of ATP generated
Catalase and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) neutralze toxic forms of oxygen
Catalase and superoxide dismutase
Neutralize toxic forms of oxygen
Microaerophiles
require low concetration of oxygen for growth
inhibited growth at high concentration
aerobic respiration
Catal & SOD neutralize toxic forms of oxygen
Superoxide Dismutase
O2 + 02 + 2H =–> H2O2 +O2
superoxide radicals) (Hydr. Peroxide
Catalase
2H2o2 —-> 2H2O + O2
Obligate Anaerobes
Grow only in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation
Lacks Catalase and SOD
Aerotolerant anaerobes
CANT use oxygen
Can grow in its presence
Fermentation and obligate fermentation
SOD presence
Facultative anaerobes
Grow w. or w.out oxygen better with oxygen
Aerobic respiration ( O2 presents)
Fermentation/Anaerobic ( No O2)
Most Bac
Nitrogen
Needed for synthesis of amino acids, SNA, RNA, and ATP
Sulfur
Needed to synthesize sulfur containing amino acids ( Cysteine and methionine and certin vitamines
Phosphorus
Needed to synthesize phospholipis, DNA, RNA and ATP
WAter
Universal solvent
Enzyme function what is needed?
K,Mg, CA
Trace elements
function as cofactors in enzyme reation
needed in low amounts
Na zn cu mo mn co
Organic growth factors
essential organic compunds a microorganism is unable to synthesize
AA puriens pyrimidines vitamins
