Exam 1 Flashcards
The cardiac sphincter is located
at the caudal end of the esophagus
The stomach is connected to the abdominal wall by the
omentum
The equine has a much larger and more utilized _____________ than other species.
Cecum
What is the structure that covers the opening of the trachea when an animal is swallowing?
Epiglottis
In ruminants, the ___________ is where the lower incisors can grind and crush food.
Dental pad
Food in a semiliquid state that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum is called
chyme
Herbivores rely on ____________ for converting food into nutrients.
Fermentation chambers
Another name for chewing is
mastication
What are the forestomachs?
Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum
What motility movement in the small intestine mixes the partially digested food but doesn’t move it toward the large intestine?
segmentation
The part of the stomach that allows the stomach to expand to store food after a large meal is the
fundus
Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of tissue in the GI tract?
Omentum
The pattern of muscle contraction that moves through the GI tract is called
peristalsis
When the lower jaw moves laterally and rostrally the movement is called
translation
Which of the following is NOT part of the large intestine.
Ileum
The terminal part of the stomach that opens into the duodenum is the
pylorus
What is the correct order of the parts of the small intestine, starting with the first part?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The most common immunoglobulin produced after an animal has been exposed to a pathogen for a long time (chronic exposure) is
IgG
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, Heat, Pain, Swelling
This type of hypersensitivity reaction can be associated with a severe allergic reaction from a second exposure to an antigen is
type I reaction
Which specific type of immunity is involved in antibody production?
humoral immunity
An animal’s first line of defense against potential disease-causing organisms is the
skin
Natural killer cells are
part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems
The innate immune system
is fast to respond to foreign invaders
What type of cell will inhibit helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?
regulatory T cells
Transplacental antibody transfer from mother to fetus is an example of
passive immunity
Where is MALT found?
Peyer’s patches
Adenoids
Tonsils
Which types of cells are phagocytic?
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
What are cytokines?
Signaling molecules responsible for cell movement
In a) please identify what 9. is indicating.
in b) please identify what 11. is indicating.
In c) please identify what 13. is indicating.
a) Descending Duodenum
b) Head of pancreas
c) Jejunum
A) Please identify what the BLUE box is indicating.
B) Please identify what the YELLOW box is indicating
a) abomasum
b) rumen
What are numbers 1,6, and 2 referring to?
- Gallbladder
- Left Lateral lobe
- Right Medial Lobe
Identify the following:
- Transverse Colon
- Ileum
- Liver
- Duodenum
2.Stomach
Identify the following:
- Fundus
- Greater Curvature
- Esophagus
- Body of the Stomach
- Pylorus
Please match the colored box with the item it is referring to.
Red: Left Dorsal Colon
Yellow: Pyloric Flexure
Green: Sternal Flexure
Blue: Right Ventral Colon
The first stage of catabolic metabolism occurs in the
Gastrointestinal tract
Cholesterol is an example of what type of lipid?
Steroid
Which of the following is an essential nutrient for cats?
Taurine
Ruminant digestion of protein is facilitated by _____________.
Microbes
What is catabolism?
Breaking down of nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy
Which of the following is not a category of a lipid?
Cellulose
Which of the following is considered a micromineral?
Copper
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Through the gastrointestinal wall when water is absorbed
What is the major cellular fuel for the body?
ATP
Of the six categories of nutrients, which three produce energy when they are consumed?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
