Exam 1

Question 1

What is Learning?

Answer 1

Process that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience

Question 2

What are differences in how learning can occur?

Answer 2

Increasing and Decreasing

Question 3

Differences in Learning (Increasing) Example

Answer 3

You can learn that coming to class will get you better so grades so your attendance increases

Question 4

Differences in Learning (decreasing) Example

Answer 4

You can learn that coming to class will not change your grade so your attendance decreases

Question 5

Learning Change Can

Answer 5

Acquire a new response or new information

Inhibit old responses or old information

Question 6

What is the simplest form of learning?

Answer 6

Habituation

Question 7

What is Habituation?

Answer 7

the decrease in response to a stimulus that has become familiar due to repeated exposure

Question 8

Habituation examples

Answer 8

Living near a train and you get used to the noise over time

Rats in the skinner box

Question 9

Do we habituate at the same rate to different things?

Answer 9

NO

Example: A spider crawling on your shirt opposed to the tag hanging out.

Question 10

More Habituation Examples

Answer 10

i City person sleeping in country-sound of crickets
ii Working or living in a loud environment (e.g., airport)
iii Repeated viewing of same sexually explicit photo ( lower sexual arousal over time)

Question 11

Do individuals associate two things in habituation?

Answer 11

No, individuals do not associate two things they simply become familiar

Question 12

Is Learning a Lawful Process

Answer 12

YES

Question 13

How do we discover laws?

Answer 13

i Authority- ask someone who is viewed as an authority (religion , politics)
ii Conduct scientific research

Question 14

What is the goal of science?

Answer 14

Discover laws or principles that govern the relations among objects being studied

Question 15

What should the laws of science tell us?

Answer 15

i Accurately describe observations
ii Should be general
iii Simplify our conception of the universe
iv Enable prediction and sometimes control the actions of these objects

Question 16

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 16

1. Develop a Theory
2. Form a Hypothesis
3. Observe Behavior
4. Report findings

Question 17

What is a Theory?

Answer 17

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behavior

Question 18

Theory Example

Answer 18

(a) Connections between concepts in memory are based on semantic relatedness
(i) Doctors and nurses
(ii) Doctors and patients
(iii) Nurses and patients

Question 19

What is a Hypothesis?

Answer 19

A testable prediction, often implies by a theory

Question 20

Hypothesis Example

Answer 20

Information that is unrelated will be responded to more slowly than information is related

Question 21

Observing Behavior

Answer 21

Collect data (empirical evidence) that supports or refutes hypothesis

Question 22

What is data?

Answer 22

empirical evidence

Question 23

What is and operational definition?

Answer 23

Define what you are studying in terms of specific operations

Question 24

Operational definition examples

Answer 24

(a) Operational definition of aggression
(i) How many times you hit someone
(b) Operational definition of affection
(i) How much you hug someone

Question 25

What is an Independent Variable?

Answer 25

The variable that is manipulated

Question 26

What is a Dependent Variable?

Answer 26

The