Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the basic types of processes?
Work group, enterprise, inter-enterprise
Lead generation, lead tracking, lead management, sales forecasting
This outlines a _______________ process
work group process.
A workgroup process is helps to fulfill the goals of a ___________________
department within a company, such as sales, management or HR.
what does a workgroup information system do?
supports processes within a work group. For example and information system that tracks accounts payable is a workgroup IS.
A workgroup information system is sometimes called a
functional information system
whats an example of a functional information system?
A general ledger system, or cost accounting system.
The program component of a functional information system is called a _____________.
functional application
processes within a single doctors office would be concidered _____________-
workgroup processes.
processes that are within a hospital-wide setting would be considered ______________
enterise processes.
processes within the entire healthcare exchange would be an example of an
inter-enterprise process.
problems that occur within a workgroup process would be fixed by
that work group.
Work group information systems generally consists of between _____ and _____ users
10-100 users
In a workgroup, procedures for using IS must be understood by all group members. Procedures are often ______________.
written down.
What are enterprise processes?
Enterprise processes span an organization
and support activities in multiple departments.
In a hospital, the process for discharging a patient would be considered and ___________________.
enterprise process because it involves multiple hospital departments.
Enterprise information systems support
one or more enterprise processes.
In enterprise information systems, Procedures are __________________ and _______________; users always undergo formal procedure training.
formalized and extensively documented
Changes in enterprise information systems must be ______________ and ________________ and users given considerable training.
carefully planned and cautiously implemented
What are 3 examples of enterprise information systems?
CRM, ERP, EAI
the process of buying a healthcare insurance policy via a healthcare exchange involves many insurance companies and governmental agencies. This is an example of an
Inter-enterprise process.
____________________ is the classic example of an inter-enterprise information system.
Supply chain management
Process efficiency:
If a change in a process can produce more outputs with the same number of inputs, is it considered more efficient?
The ability of a process to achieve the organization’s outcomes is measured by
process effectiveness.
If an organization differentiates itself on quality customer service and if the process to address customer concerns requires 5 days to respond, then that process is
ineffective
Organizations can improve the quality (efficiency and/or effectiveness) of a process in one of three ways
Change the process structure.
Change the process resources.
Change both process structure and resources.
The order approval process in a manufacturing company might be made more efficient if checking customer credit were done first and inventory were checked second. This way staff wouldn’t waste time checking inventory levels for clients who would never be approved to purchase that inventory. This example explains
Acknowledging or changing a process structure can make a company more efficient.
What are a processes resources?
people and information systems.
How can information systems be used to improve a process quality?
Performing an activity.
Augmenting a human who is performing an activity.
Controlling data quality and process flow.
a company could use an information system to check credit, reducing the labor costs and speeding up the credit check process. This is an example of how an information system could ___________ to improve the efficiency of a process
preform an activity
The reservation process for booking an airline is an example of how and information system can
preform an activity
When you call a doctor’s office and speak to a receptionist to schedule an appointment, they use an information system to help you book that appointment. This is an example of how an information system can ____________________________ and make a process more efficient and effective.
Augment a human who is performing an activity.
An information system is controlling the order approval process, ensuring that steps are performed in accordance with an established schedule.
This is an example of how Information systems can be used to ______________________.
Control data quality and process flow.
Changes to customer data made in the Sales and Marketing application may take days or weeks to be made to the Accounting application’s database. During that period, shipments will reach the customer without delay, but invoices will be sent to the wrong address. When an organization has inconsistent duplicated data, it is said to have a ________________ problem.
data integrity
isolated data created by workgroup information systems are integrated using enterprise-wide applications. This solve the problems that are created by
Infomraiton Silos
The hospital discharge process is a good example of how information silos can effect efficiency. If a patient is discharged but the kitchen isn’t notified, then wasted food results. The hospital can use a ____________________ to eliminate this.
Enterprise Information System
The activity of altering existing and designing new business processes to take advantage of new information systems is called:
business process reengineering,
Business process reengineering is expensive, difficult, and time-consuming. This led to the emergence of
Enterprise Application Solutions
The emergence of Enterprise Application Solutions, like CRM, also led to the creation of _______________ by 3rd parties. Companies were happy to adopt these, rather then try to reengineer their own business process
Standard Business Process (inherent processes)
a suite of applications, a database, and a set of inherent processes for managing all the interactions with the customer, from lead generation to customer service is called a
customer relationship management (CRM )system
CRMS help standardize the ________________________ : the marketing, customer acquisition, relationship management, and loss/churn of the customers
customer life cycle
a suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent, computing platform is called
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
a suite of software applications that integrates existing systems by providing layers of software that connect applications together is called
enterprise application integration (EAI)
If a company doesn’t want to incorporate an ERP system but they do want to reduce information silos created by using multiple different kinds of software, they can use _______, which will enables organizations to use existing applications while eliminating many of the serious problems of isolated systems.
EAI
for a product to be considered a true ERP, is must contain applications that integrate
1
2
3
4
5
Supply chain (procurement, sales order processing, inventory management, supplier management, and related activities)
Manufacturing (scheduling, capacity planning, quality control, bill of materials, and related activities)
CRM (sales prospecting, customer management, marketing, customer support, call center support)
Human resources (payroll, time and attendance, HR management, commission calculations, benefits administration, and related activities)
Accounting (general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash management, fixed asset accounting)
It is expensive and risky to start using an enterprise management information system. These risks come from 5 facotrs:
Collaborative Management (there is no boss of the system)
Requirement gaps (the system is standardized)
transition problems (must continue to run the business while implementing the IS)
employee resistance (people hate change, and the benefits of the IS are not felt by the employees)
new technology
a technique used to create new business processes and to manage changes to existing processes is called
Business process management
BPM is, in most cases, used to :
manage the evolution of existing business processes from one version to an improved version.
The combination of hardware, software, and data components that accomplishes a set of requirements is called a
application
Every information system has at least one ______________ because every IS includes a software component.
application
A _____________________ need not relate to any information system, but an information system relates to at least one _______________.
Business process
a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows that interact to accomplish a business function is know as a
business process
Business process:
collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs are called
activities
Business process:
a collection of something is called a
repository
inventory is a physical repository, and a database is a data repository.
In a business process __________ are a collection of activities
roles (job titles)
People or information system applications that are assigned to roles in a business process are called
resources
a ____________ that shows the movement of data among activities and repositories.
Data flow
This is an example of what?
Business Processing Notation
What does SDLC stand for
Systems development life cycle
What is the 5 phase process for SDLC
Define System
Determine Requirements
Design System Components
Implement System
Maintain System
SDLC
Phase 1: Define the system
What are the goals for the new system? How will the system improve the business process and progress the companies competative strategy? Is this system feasible?
SDLC
Phase 1: Define the system
cost feasibility
whether the anticipated benefits of the system are likely to justify the estimated development and operational costs
SDLC
Phase 1: Define the system
schedule feasibility
How long do we expect it to take and can we accept that?
SDLC
Phase 1: Define the system
organizational feasibility
Will the new system fit within the organization’s customs, culture, charter, or legal requirements
SDLC
Phase 1: Define the system
technical feasibility
is existing information technology likley to be able to meet the needs of the new system
SDLC
Phase 2: Determine requirements
Requirements include what is to be produced, how frequently, and how fast it is to be done.
Some requirements specify the volume of data to be stored and processed.
SDLC
Phase 2: Determine requirements
requirements analysis
Interview users
evaluate existing systems
determine new web pages/forms/ etc
identify new application features/functions
consider security
create the data model
Consider all 5 components of IS
SDLC
The easiest and cheapest time to alter the information system is in the ____________phase
requirements phase
What are the 5 components of IS
Hardware
Software
Data
people
procedures
SDLC
Phase 3: Design system components
Considers the 5 components of IS
What hardware/software does the system need? Off the shelf or from scratch? Do we need to build a data set or use existing? Who will use it and what procedures will they use?
SDLC
Phase 4: Implementation
build system
test system
integrate system
test system
convert to the new system
It could mean to implement the information system only, or with the business processes that use the system as well.
SDLC
Phase 4: Pilot Implementation
The entire system/business processes is implemented on a limited portion of the business, say, a single department.
SDLC
Phase 4: Phased Implementation
the new system/business processes are installed in phases across the organization(s). Once a piece works, the next piece is implemented.
SDLC
Phase 4: Parelell Implementation
the new system/business processes run parallel with the old one until the new system is tested and fully operational
expensive to run both at the same time
SDLC
Phase 4: Plunge Implementation
shuts off the old system/business processes and starts the new one
SDLC
Phase 5: maintain the system
Fix it or adapt is as things change.
What Are the Keys for Successful SDLC Projects?
-Create a work breakdown structure (divide project into deliverable tasks)
-Estimate time and costs.
-Create a project plan.
-Adjust the plan via trade-offs. (costs or features?)
-Manage development challenge
What are the 4 factors to be considered when managing development change in SDLC?
Coordination (coordinating people is hard)
Diseconomies of scale (adding people to a late project makes it take longer)
Configuration control (how many versions of the requirements are there?
Unexpected events
What is SCRUM?
Agile development methodology- changes and adapt to the situation
what are the principals of scrum
- expect a change in requirements
- frequently deliver a working version of the product (every 1-8 weeks)
- work closely with the customer
- design as you go (just in time design- only finish what is needed as its needed )
- test as you go
- team knows best
- can be used for business process, application development and information systems.
Scrum essentials
How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process?
Scrum looks at who does what and why?
example of a SCRUM requirement
As a Dr. I want to be able to view a patients exercise record so that I can make sure she is following her prescription
Once you know the who, what and why of the scrum requirement, you determine _____________
the tasks that you need to develop to accomplish that requirement
once the tasks are known for a given set of SCRUM requirements, the next step is to assign each task a ___________, called points.
difficulty score
As teams work together, they will learn the total number of points of work they can accomplish each scrum period. That term is called the team’s __________-
velocity
The team uses its velocity to determine how many ________________ it can commit to accomplishing in the next scrum period
requirements
Suppose the five requirements on a team’s prioritized requirements list total 125 points. If a team knows its velocity is 100 points per scrum period, it knows it cannot do all five. However, if the top four total, say, 80 points, it can commit to doing those four plus something else. In this case, the team would _________________
go back to the product owner and ask if there is a requirement lower on the priority list that can be done for the available 20 points of capacity.
a new computer class forms roughly each decade establishing a new industry
Belles Law
The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months
Moores Law
the value of a network is equal to the square of the number of users connected to it. In other words, as more digital devices are connected together, the value of that network will increase.
Metcalfs law
connection speeds for high-end users will increase by 50 percent per year.
Nielsen Law
the storage density on magnetic disks is increasing at an exponential rate
Kyrders Law
What are non routine cognitive skills
Abstract reasoning
Systems thinking
Collaboration
Ability to experiment
The ability to construct a model or representation is an example of
abstract reasoning
The ability to model systems componants and show how the componants relate to each other is an example of
systems thinking
The ability to develope ideas with others is and example of
collaboration
The ability to create and test promising alternative ideas is
ability to experiment.
an assembly of hardware, software, data, procedures, and people that produces information is know as an
information system (IS)
the products, methods, inventions, and standards used for the purpose of producing information is known as
Information technology
The management and use of information systems that help organizations achieve their strategies is known as
MIS
you can buy ________, but you cannot buy ___________
IT, IS
MIS has 3 elements
management and use
of information systems
to achieve org strategies
What is the 5 componants framwork?
a model of the components of an information system:
computer hardware, software, data, procedures, and people.
knowledge derived from data is known as
information
recorded facts or figures is know as
data
_____________ is data presented in a meaningful context
information
information is ____________ processed by summing, ordering, averaging, grouping, comparing, or other similar operations
data
Data characteristics Required for Good Information
Accurate
Timely
relevant ( to context and to subject)
Just sufficient
worth the cost
The conversion from mechanical and analog devices to digital devices is know as the
Digital Revolution
Organizational Strategy Determines Information Systems. Organizational strategy is developed by 5 factors:
Industry Structure
Competitive strategy
Value Chains
Business processes
Information Systems
What Five Forces Determine Industry Structure?
bargaining power of customers
threat of substitutions
bargaining power of suppliers
threat of new entrants
rivalry among existing firms.
How Does Analysis of Industry Structure Determine Competitive Strategy
based on the analysis, an org will choose either a cost leader or differentiation strategy, either for a segment or a whole industry.
A network of value-creating activities is called a
Value chain
What are the primary activities
Of a value chain
inbound logistics
operations/manufacturing
outbound logistics
sales and marketing
customer service
receiving, storing and deciminating intputs to their products is known as
inbound logistics
transforming inputs into their final products is known as
operations / manufactuing
collecting, storing and physically distributing products to buyers is known as
outbound logistics
Introducing buyers to purchase the products and proiding them the means to do so is known as
marketing and sales
assisting customers use of the product thereby maintaining and enhacing the products value is known as
customer service
What are the suppot activities in a value chain?
procurement (finding vendors, setting up contractual arrangements,
negotiating prices )
technology
human resources
a network of activities that generate value by transforming inputs into outputs is known as a
business process
Information systems create competitive advantages either as part of a product or by providing support to a product.
Consider, for example, a car rental agency like Hertz or Avis. An information system that produces information about the car’s location and provides driving instructions to destinations is part of the car rental, and thus is part of the product itself.
In contrast, an information system that schedules car maintenance is not part of the product but instead supports the product. Either way, information systems can help achieve the first three principles of product implementation which is
Create new product
enhance the existing product
differentiate product
hat are the process implementations that help create a competitive advantage
lock in customers and buyers
lock in suppliers
raise barriers to entry
establish alliances
reduce costs
