Exam 1 Flashcards
microbiology
the study of small microscopic organisms
the scientific method
information (observation, experiment someone else performs, models, published studies, previous work)–> question–> hypothesis–> test hypothesis–> 1. accept hypothesis–> repeat or theory, 2. reject hypothesis–> modify and create a new hypothesis or modify old hypothesis to test again
hypothesis
may or may not be correct
scientific method
to help answer questions and determine validity
microorganisms
small microscopic organisms: bacteria, archaea, protists, algae, fungi
microbes
bacteria, archaea, protists, algae, fungi, viruses (not microorganism because they are dead but are still considered a microbe)
fungi
grow in bathroom, on food, plant like because they have cell walls and animal like because they obtain nutrients (food) from other organisms
hyphae
long white filiments of mold
examples of fungi
mold, yeast ( bread and beer)
molds
grow hyphae, are multicellular like us with many cells, and reproduce with spore ( seed like projections on hyphae that fall of like with the wind when you blow a dandallion)
Yeast
grow as sing cells- unicellular- reproduce via budding ( when as bud as large as parent it will break off)
Protists (protozoa)
unicellular, animal like because they obtain their nutrients and energy from other organisms, they also move via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia
pseudopodia
ameba- throw blob out in direction they want to move
cillia
hair like projections swim through water
flagella
push and pull
algae ( a type of protist)
unicellular or multicellular, plant like because they use photosynthesis (chloroplasts) to make own nutrient but are also animal like through locomotion through cilia and flagella. dead algae skeletons are in the grit of toothpaste
bacteria what we mostly will be covering
unicellular- rods, cocci or spirochetes (spirals), small, simple internal organization compared to other organisms, obtain nutrients and energy from nearly infinitive variety of sources
Archaea
very similar to bacteria but live in extreme environments, have unusual shape and some make methane and methanogens (bacteria cannot do this)
Viruses
not microorganisms but are microbes, they do not obtain or use nutrients and energy in the way they would if they were alive, virus attaches itself to the bacterial cell
tree of life
prokaryotes: bacteria and archae, and eukaryotes: eucaraya. everything contains microorganisms and most are microorganisms excepts plants fungi and animals
same lifestyle
prokaryotes- bacteria and archaea
same ancestors
eukaryotes:fungi, algae, protists and archea. eukaryotes and archaens are more closely related
Prokaryotes size
prokaryotes are very small compared to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
have organelles: membrane bound specialized compartments (ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus) and prokaryotes have no organelles
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid
where genetic material is stored whereas eukaryotes have a nucleus
prokaryotes chromosomes
are singular, circular chromosomes whereas eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have different ribosome shape
eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes and prokaryotes have 70s ribosomes to make protein. different size and shape
Eukaryotes cell walls
animals: no cell wall plants: cellulose cell wall, fungi: chitin cell wall ( feel like lobster shell
prokaryote cell walls
bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls and archaean have pseudomeurin cell walls
What do mircroorganisms do?
they consume and reproduce
what do microorganisms do to recycle
cycle most carbon, make most oxygen, fix most nitrogen (breathed in by bacterium) and decompose almost everything- break down
what do microorganisms do to us?
most ignor us, some keep us healthy and about 30 of them make us sick
what do microorganisms do in relationships?
build communities, cooperate and prey on eachother
Microorganisms have microbial infallibility
they can degrade almost everything that is naturally occurring organic compounds even petroleum is biodegradable under proper conditions. took microorganisms eons to develop this ability
plastics
organic compounds commonly derived from petrochemicals (oils) pure C-H ( organic compounds)
organics
molecules with carbon atoms bound to hydrogen atoms (C-H), lots of plastic ends up in the ocean, liters beaches, strangles/suffocates animals, and creates habitats
deterioration
of plastic occurs without microorganisms it occurs by sunlight, wave action, mechanical abrasion it can be broken down into very small pieces until it turns into a jelly like mixture
garbage patch
forms by currents. not going to go away because microorgansims cannot break down. so microbes arent so infalliable
nylonase
nylon degrading enzymes found in microorganisms living near nylon factories- did not exist until wallace carothers invented nylon in 1935
origins
first microorganisms were on this earth about 3.5 billion years ago almost since the earth was formed way before eukaryotes
stromatolites
microbial fossils-fossil records of microorganisms- ancient fossilized microbial mats estimated to be 3 billion years old
abundance
it’s a microbial world- w b whitman. many more microbes in the world than anything else more viruses then bacteria which are also smaller than bacteria
location microorganisms live
water, soil, air, deep subsurfaces, high atmospheres, pole to pole, in and on plants, everywhere on every surface all of the time almost always invisible to the naked eye
where are microorganisms not found
womb, blood, bones, nervous tissue, fat, steralized, lava, alcohol
how many kinds of microbes are there
it depends on how you name em
nomenclature
a system of naming
taxonomy
placing organisms in groups (classification)
biological nomenclature
carolus linnaeus- consistent and meaningful kingdom ( huge variety), phylum, class, order, family, genus, species ( more specific) Homo sapient- a specie of one humans
Species
interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated, bacteria do not sexually reproduce therefore this method of biological nomenclaure fails so how do we define bacteria
add domain
3 domains: eukarya, bacteria and archaea domains are the highest taxonomic rank right ontop of kingdom
classification strategies for bacteria
numerical taxonomy (traits), phylogenetics, and naming by disease
numerical taxonomy
naming based on yes or no answer questios to see how similar traits are. if 2 microorganisms share enough “important” traits then they are the same specie. look at hundreds of traits to see if good comparison
problems with numerical taxonomy
trait choice is arbitrary, all traits are weighted equally, some traits are simple and some are complex, some traits may arise through different mechanisms- bats v. birds both have wings. to improve, genetic information needs to be involved
phylogenetics
based on similar gene sequences gene sequences must meet the following criteria: found in all representatives of the group studied, function must be the same, sufficient similarity between genes so that the sequences can be aligned, sufficient differences in each sequence so they have their own signature
ribosome genes
found in all living things- can be compared, codes for part of ribosomes- same function in an organism, relatively constant regions- compare ancient relatives, highly variable- compare recent relatives
look at sequence 16s r RNA gene
look at similarities in ribosome gene sequence to see similarities in microorganisms
consequences of phylogenetics
no kingdom
16s rRNA phylogenetics revealed
revealed that photosynthesis is widely distributed and likely evolved multiple and that these things are spread out in the phylogenetic tree and may not mean they are the same specie
There were some bacteria that were different
after looked at ribosome pathway 16s rrna revealed that these unusual bacteria were actually a new domain– archae was discovered!!
Before there were 5 old kingdoms where everyone was in a different level
now there are 3 kingdoms- bacteria are now parallel equal to eukaryotes
best to use combination of the two
numerical and phylogenetics
E. Coli
visible to the naked eye, found in the gut of surgeon fish, very unusual cell division
Naming by disease
pathogenic species are named based on the disease they cause
treponema pallidum
syphillis
borrelia burgdorferi
lyme disease
how many types of bacteria are there
we have no idea but ther eare a lot- complications to naming bacteria
what are microbes made of
a chemical reaction is involved in literlaly every single biological process
atoms
smallest chemical unit of mater what microbes are made of containing protons, neutrons and electrons
protons and neutrons
positive and no charge in nucleus
electrons
negatively charged in surrounding electron shells in orbit around nucleus
electrons
the number and arragement of electrons determine how an atom will behave as a chemical
valence electrons
electrons in the outer shell like to equal 8
electrons
different numbers of electrons total, different number of valence electrons different shells
Chemical bonds
full shell has 8. atoms share or transfer in the outer shell to equal 8
chemical bond
interaction between the outershells of atoms
molecule
2 or more atoms bonded
compound
molecules that contain atoms of more than one element
covalent bonds
electrons are shared between atoms
ionic bonds
form from the opposite charge by transfering electrons
ions
group of atoms with a full positive charge or full negative charge
hydrogen bonds
H bonded with slight positive or slight negtive is a weak bond
water by h bonds
medium of microorganisms water molecules connected by hydrogen bonds
H bonds create
surface tension increase, lots of force to break tension, less density when frozen, adheres to self (cohesion) and adhesion- adheres to other things, specific heat- can be warmed and holds on to energy for a long time, water is also a good solvent
macronutrients
H, C, N, O, P, S- what we need the most of which is why so much of life is made up by these elements
Additional elements
areneeded to complete macronutrients- from small tight molecules to very dense, they are very diverse when forming bonds and carbon is able to bond with other carbon atoms in a variety of configurations
macromolecules
the building blocks for cells- polysaccharids- carbs, phospholipids- fats, nucleic acids, proteins we eat many of these things
Polysaccharids
3 or more carbons
Glucose
6 C sugars
Ribose
5 C sugars
carbon is not written
carbon is a point in a shape displaying elements it contains
polysaccharide function
energy- stored and in environment, makes up cell wall and capsules and identification through the sugar pattern
sucrose (connected)- good
50% glucose and 50%fructose
high fructose (not connected)- bad
45% glucose and 55% fructose
polysacchrides found in
surface, cell wall and capsule
Xanthan gum
have huge amounts in drilling process, mostly made of glucose, it is a polysaccharide and allows solid material to be brought up, made by bacteria
Dried it replaces fat and adds smooth texture to food
Xantum gum in capsule helps
prevent drying out, attach to its host, make it sticky, protect from chemicals, shield from antibodies- can make us sick, block engulfment- can be in rice, citrus, cotton, tomato, soybean
Protein
specific shape and function. made of amino acids, info for folding by amino acid order- there are 4 levels of folding
Amino acids
polymers- chains of amino acids. all have amino group, carboxyl group, c and h and a variable r group- where the amino acid will carry info to. microorganisms use 20 amino acids
Basic, acidic and hydrophobic
basic- positive, acidic- negative, and hydrophobic- avoids water
peptide bonds
how amino acids are linked through polypeptide bonds- very strong
primary structure
linear series of amino acids that form proteins- contains info that protein needs to fold in turn determining function
secondary
bend
tertiary
twist
quaterary
linking. forms larger twisting
protein function
as enzyme- shape funtion catalyze reactions, synthesize and assemble to cell parts and make internal and external structures of the cell
Microorganisms use enzymes to
catalyze reactions to make products
lock and key
lock- enzyme and key-substrate. specific shape must be perfect to work
the reaction
enzyme can be catalyzed over and over again to create a reaction and a product
proteins are found
in cytoplasm, membrane, nucleoids, and ribosomes
nucleic acids
isolated from nucleus in eukaryotic cells and nucleoid in bacteria- carries genetic information polymers chain of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
DNA is long term storage of information and RNA is short term storage of information. Both have ribose sugar but RNA has OH on right side of hexagon and DNA just has an H on the right side of the hexagon
DNA
ATCG- nucleotides are joined together into polymers
RNA
UAGC- these are the bases
DNA and RNA there is a 5’ end and a 3’ end
2 strands running in opposite directions with a 5’ and a 3’ at one end and a 5’ and a 3’ at the other end. there is no direction to these shapes
Nucleic acid function
information storage of genetic material in dna chromosomes, information conversion through transcription and translation, make up part of ribosomes and intermediate energy currency (atp/nadh)
Nucleic acids are found in the
cytoplasm, chromosomes, and ribosomes
lipids
primary component of the cell membrane
lipids made of
one glycerol
triglyceride
when 3 glycerols are together- structure worried about when concerned about our diet
Fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
saturated
no double bonds (butter and lard) solid at room temperature and is packed together tightly
unsaturated
one or more double bonds- oil- has a bend- not as tightly packed
Phospholipids
what we are really concerned about- carry two fatty acids chains linked by glycerol and phosphate
phospholipids are amphipathic
the have a polar hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail
Because they are amphipathic
the like to form layers- phospholipid can form bilayers which is the beginnings of a cell membrane
Fluid-mosaic of biological membranes
mosaic embeded with proteisn but it is fluid- always mobing
lipids are found
in the membrane
macromolecules dry weight is mostly
protein however macromolecules are most water about 70%
cell membranes seperate
the inside from the outside with a permeable barrier- things hsoul not be crossing the mebrane in or out- things do not easily cross
membranes are however very fragile
susceptible to thermal damage- broken dead cell membranes
if cell membrane gets too cold or too hot
it becomes more fluid when hot and more solid when cold and turns breaks turning the cells into dead cells
cells adjust membrane to thermal damage
when cold slowed down try to resist cold and hardening by making it more fluid by introducing more space through unsaturated fatty acids. When the cell membrane gets hot the cell is fastly turning to fluid so compensates by making it less fluid by adding saturated fats to make it more tight
osmosis
movement of water molecules down the concentration gradient. water moves where there is less water and more solute- membranes in this way are sligly permeable to water
osmotic damage
cell membranes must be protected from water pressure water could make the membrane swell and burst or shrivel up and die
isotonic
inside= outisde
hypertonic
lots of solute outside so water moves out shriveling cell
hypotonic
lots of solute inside so water moves inside bursting the cell
Membranes are also susceptible to chemical damage
some chemicals can punch holes in the membrane
peptidoglycan
molecular mesh that protects cell membranes from chemical damage
peptidoglycan made up of
NAG and NAM linked polysaccharides for protection- mesh that protects membrane from chemical damage creating strong, tight structures
Peptidoglycan
wraps around the cell wall acting as an exoskeleton to protect cell from bursting
2 cell architectures
gram negative and gram positive
gram positive
thick externa,with teichoic acid- protects cell from chemicals in membrane, layer of peptidoglycan and then cell membrane
gram negative
outer membrane with porin holes to outer membrane layer of peptidoglycan with periplasmic space and the cell membrane. the outer membrane shields the peptidoglycan and cell membrane.
Lipopolysaccharides
are also on the outer membrane of the gram negative and it is a barrier against chemicals
gram negative and gram positive color
gram negative has no color after alcohol, gram positive has a purple color after alcohol
coccus
circular
rod
enlongated oval
spirochetes
squiggle, spirals
prosthecate
sperm looking
vibro
rod with kink in it
filamentous
long strands
capsule of bacteria
on the outside, it is slimy and made of plolysacchrides- prevents from drying out and protects unnybe ststen
flagella (prokaryotes)
corkscrew structure that extends beyond the cell surface- rotates like a propeller- made of protein- flagellum
taxis
movement used by prokaryotes. flagella move in response to chemical reactions or light reactions
positive taxis
move towards something favorable
negative taxis
move away from unfavorable
run
movement in a single direction that increases with favorable stimuli- something we like we face it and run towards it
tumble
abrupt, random change in direction that increases with unfavorable stimuli
the cells cytoplasm
the interior of the cell with no empty space mostly 70% water fill in where there are not structures
prokaryote nucleoid
single single closed circular chromosomes, circular chromosomes where genetic information is contained
nucleus (eukaryotes)
with 2 chromosomes genetic information through dna is held here and is very efficient
ribosomes
make proteins and makes up 75% of the dry mass of the cell. ribosomes translate messages from genes into new proteins. cytoplasm is filled with proteins made by ribosomes
storage granules in prokaryotic cells
not organelles- store energy through carbs and lipids such as sulfur and iron. often mistake for organelles
endospores (prokarytes)
only some bacteria make this. It contains a copy of the chromosomes they are 1. dormant- lasting for a long time, 2. low water content radiation, 3. DNA tightly compacted 4. resistant to drying out, mechanical stress heat and radiation
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
encased by the cell membrane, both are used for movement, both made of protein (tubulin) but cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella
Flagella
long, less numerous, undulating movement. They may push and pull the cell. Moves like a tail of a fish
Cilia
shorter and more numerous cilia move back and forth in a rotating motion with a stiff power stroke followed by a return. More like someone swimming
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Hollow, network of tubes that transport things within a cell
Rough ER: ribosomes on the surface make protein which are then transported around the cell
Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and transport
Golgi bodies
series of flattened hollow sacs. may look similar to ER but is not the same at all. Golgi bodies package molecules for secretion in secretory vesicles to move in or out of the cell. Lysosomes are vesicles that carry digestive enzymes to process food within the cell. Things can also be secreted through other vesicles generated by the golgi bodies
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Both are gram negative, both have 70s ribosomes inside, and have single circular molecule of DNA these properties are bizarre because they are prokaryotic characteristics. It is said that long ago ancesteral eukaryotes (prokaryotes) absorbed another prokaryote and that is why the mitochondria and chloroplasts have these characteristics.eukaryote absorbed the prokaryote and tooke energy it was making while eukaryote gave it food. We are walking around with bacteria inside of us. Overtime our cells lost the ability to survive independently ENDOSYMBIOTIC theory suggests that this was the origin of eukaryotes
Mitochondria
make ATP (energy)
Chloroplasts
Get energy from light
How microorganisms consume and reproduce
conditions and nutrients effect how microorganisms consume, reproduce and survive. In the center the organisms is maintaning and when it has enough to survive it is growing. when it has enough energy and nutrients to reproduce it does and creates offspring. The microorganism is effected by conditions( temp, acidity, moisture) and nutrients it is consuming
Metabolsim
= catabolism + anabolism
catabolism
reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules and energy ( makes energy)
anabolism
reaction that assembles small molecules into larger molecules and biomass ( uses energy to do this
How catabolism and anabolism work
nutrients enter the microrganism some are broken down (catabolism) into small moleucles/ energy then anabolism whereas other go straight to anabolism because they are small enough after anabolism they turn into macro-molecules to survive maintain and reproduce once they are maintained they grow and produce offspring
Metabolic classes
metabolism of all living things can be categorized by 3 prefixes preceding “troph” coming from the word nutrition 1. energy source, 2. electron source 3. carbon source
Energy source
chemo-troph- organic chemicals
photo-troph- sunlight
Electron source
organo-troph- organic chemicals like sugar proteins, lipids and nuclei acids
litho-troph- inorganic chemicals not containing C and H bonds
Carbon source
hetero-troph- organic chemicals
auto-troph Co2 gas in the air right now can be used to build macromolecules from scratch
chemoorganoheterotroph
chemical energy, organic electron source and organic carbon humans and puppies
Photolithoautotroph
energy from sunlight, electrons from inorganic and carbon from the air
chemolithoautotroph
energy from organic chemicals, electrons from inorganic chemicals and carbon from the air
Glycolysis
Nutrients 1 glucose goes in along with (ATP) (2 atp) enter the cell along with a NAD+ and this produces 4 atp and 1 NADH which is electrons resulting in pyruvic acid
NAD+ –> NADH
NAD+ plus a H+ plus 2e- (electrons) = NADH (electrons)
After glycolysis then the krebs cycle
2 pyruvic from glycolysis go in and CO2 is produced right off the bat. Acetyl-CoA also goes in as these things go in we get NADH + CO2, NADH +CO2, ATP, NADH and NADH out of the krebs cycle
Next to the electron transport chain for prokaryotes- just the components first
IF this was a eukaryotic NADH it would go to the mitochondria to be absorbed to prokaryote parts
1 NADH from glycolysis and 4 NADH from the krebs cycle go into cell membrane. ATP synthase is connected to the outside and the inside of the electron transport chain- very important protein
Electrons move down the electron transport chain
generating energy and provide electricity (power) to the protein pumps ( pumped by electricity from the e-) H+ protons are then able to pass through the pumps to the outside of the cell membrane to move. However these pumps only go one way. If the H+ protons want to get back they must create proton motive force-to transport H+ back. As H+ is transported back it provides power from one little molecule of glucose and we get 32 molecules of ATP
Aerobic-oxygen electron transport chain (what we have)
Initially bacteria will stick e- onto oxygen along with the pair of protons
Anaerobic- no oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria stick their electrons onto so42- or some other element and create H2s gas and Co2 gas- this is done by the gut in humans. When the oxygen is used up the bacteria will stick their electrons onto a compound such as TMAO left over electrons onto tmao
TMAO
trimethylamine n-oxide- ocean fish are full of this- as soon as an ocean fish dies the bacteria living on it begin to use TMAO to grow TMA
TMA
trimethylamine- one N atoms surrounded by three methyl groups CH3 this is the strong fishy smell
Phosphatidylcholine
This is a phospholipid- in fact the most abundant phospholipid in plants and animals it is composed of 2 fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate and choline
Phosphatidylcholine metabolism
Choline is not used for cell membrane. Normal diet contains more than enough phosphotidylcholine that there are left overs. Some goes to the cell membrane and an acetylcholine( neurotransmitter is left over to send and receive messages)
Phosphatidylcholine metabolism continued
gut flora- where microorganisms are in your gut.
The phosphatidylcholine is chewed up and goes to the gut flora then to the hepatic FMOs to turn TMA to TMAO that goes to the bloodstream and is excreted by sweat urine and saliva
Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a disease
does not have hepatic fmos to turn TMA to TMAO and so TMA is in blodstream and excreted by sweat urine and saliva- they will smell fishy “fish odor syndrome” no cure just genetic disorder and there are varying levels
avoid- dairy, eggs, legumes, red meats, fish and beans these foods are rich in phosphotidylcholine
Bacteria “growth”
Growth for bacteria is not an increase in size but an increase in population
Binary fision
food goes into bacterial and size increases and dna is copied and made into two cells
Symmetric division
one bacteria (mother) becomes 2 identical bacteria (daughter) goes along with binary fission
Each generation
Exponential growth. Time between generations is the same. cells double at the same rate. Take the same time to double everytime
Exponential growth
linear scale is counted exactly and is curved whereas the log scale is a straight line and shows the doubling
Generation time
time required for a cells population to double take 2 to the power of the generation you are looking to calculate
Direct counts- microscopic
count how many colonies per segment on the grid under a microscope
Serial Dilution and Viable plate counts
the most common method when there are too many to count must be between 25 and 250 colonies to calculate take the number and go up if .1 multiply by 10 and then multiply by 10 for each one over that has a ratio. if when you go up it is one mL then you do not have to multiply by 10 for going up but you still do for going across
Conditions that influence bacterial growth
temperature, osmolarity, oxygen, acidity
Temperature affecting bacterial growth
most important effect. if it is too cold or too hot then the bacteria will not be able to grow
Mesophiles
we are mesophiles- our bacteria grow best at 37 degrees celcius
Psychrophiles
grow best at 5-15 degrees celcius
Thermophiles
grow best at 65 degrees celcius
Hyperthermophiles
grow best at 95 degrees celcius which is almost boiling- these temperatures are at the bottom of the ocean
Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles
some bacteria in thermophiles and some archae in hyperthermophiles. live in hotsprings. Thermostable proteins that stay folded at high temperatures stay stable at high temperatures. Their membranes have long straight fatty acids (saturated) that are low in fluidity
Psychrophiles
metabolism is optimized for low temperatures. Membrane fatty acids are unsaturated to make them more fluid
Osmolarity
how well an organism survives in an environment with lots of salt or not a lot of salt
“halo”
meaning salt
Halophiles
need quite a bit of salt. They live in ponds with very high salt concentration. Turn red color like in LA due to an archaen called Halobacterium. Found in man maid ponds with lots of salt
Halotolerance
salt tolerance
nonhalophile- do not like salt, moderate halophiles are somehwere in the middle and extreme and halotolerants like salt a lot
Oxygen
oxygen in the air is extremely toxic to some microorganisms they dislike O2. Metabolism generates oxygen radicals O2- we do not like these because they are very reactive in cells. They find the protons of DNA and rip them off this can cause cancer. Antioxidants help get rid of the O2-
Oxygen tolerances
Obligate aerobe, strict anaerobe and microaenrophile
Obligate aerobe
grows at the top of the tube where are is these need O2 to survive- this includes us
Strict anaerobe
less o2 to survive is at the bottom
Microaerophile
in the middle it is small and loves air but only needs a little
Oxygen protection
If you do not like O2 then you need Superoxide dimutase and Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
is an enzyme that detoxifies raticals (o2-) it turns o2-+ 2H+ into H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to help prevent cancer however we do not want H2O2 because it is also dangerous
Catalase
detoxifies H2O2 into water. Enzymes that conver hydrogen peroxide into water 2 H2O2 turn into 2H2O + O2
Acidity
some organisms grow well in acidic environments like acidophiles and some grow well in neutral environments neutrophiles where others grow well in basic environments alkalophiles. Change in PH changes how it folds
Acid in the environment
people do not like mines because acid from the rocks being brought up from the ground comes off of the rocks when it rains and acid water is then moved to bodies of water where it kills everything except acidophiles (the white color in)
Biofilm
associated of microorganisms attached to surfaces, cells use proteins and polysaccharids (capsules) to adhere to one another to surfaces this facilitates communication, acquisition of nutrients, resistance to chemicals and environmental stresses
Microbial growth in the real world
on tissue wounds, on plaque of teeth, slime on rocks when you walk on them, mildew on bathroom. These bacteria merge their capsules into one slimy layer that is a barrier against change
When bacteria get into the lungs
O2 and CO2 cannot move across the lungs this can cause lots of problems
