Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
Movement of water/solute
2
Q
Dehydration symptoms
A
VS: tachycardia, hypotension
Neuro: Dizziness, fatigue
GI: thirst, anorexia
poor skin turgor, slow cap refill
3
Q
Fluid Volume Excess Symptoms
A
Cardio: Hypertension, tachycardia
Neuro: Weakness, seizures
Respiratory: crackles, dyspnea
JVD, weight gain
4
Q
Crystalloids
A
Small, water soluble molecules, used to expand intravascular volume
5
Q
Colloids
A
Larger molecules, do not easily cross membrane
6
Q
What body system does Na+ mostly effect
A
Neurological effects, seizures, LOC
7
Q
What body system does K+ mostly effect
A
Cardiac effects: HAM, hypotension, arrythmias, muscle weakness
8
Q
What is HAM
A
hypotension, arrythmias, muscle weakness (in both hyper/hypokalemia)
9
Q
Hyponatremia
A
loses sodium, less then 135
10
Q
Hypernatremia
A
gains sodium or loses water, more then 145
11
Q
Hyponatremia symptoms
A
confusion, lethargy, muscles cramps and twitching, seizures
12
Q
Hypernatremia Symptom
A
Thirst, coma, lethargy, seizures, dry mucus membranes
13
Q
Hypokalemia
A
less then 3.5, losing K+
14
Q
Hyperkalemia
A
more then 5.2, gaining K+
15
Q
Hypokalemia Symptoms
A
Constipation, hypotension, fatigue, muscle weakness, HAM
16
Q
Hyperkalemia Symptoms
A
Diarrhea, hypotension, restlessness, muscles weakness, HAM
17
Q
Low and Slow
A
Hypokalemia
17
Q
Big and High
A
Hyperkalemia
18
Q
Normal PH
A
7.35-7.45
19
Q
Normal CO2
A
35-45
19
Q
Normal HCO3-
A
22-26
20
Q
Respiratory Acidosis
A
CO2 retention
21
Q
Respiratory Alkalosis
A
CO2 depletion
22
Q
Metabolic Acidosis
A
Loss of HCO3-, Increased Acid production, decreased acid secretion, increased chloride
23
Metabolic Alkalosis
Increased HCO3-, Acid loss
24
Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms
diarrhea, kidney failure, diabetes, excess alcohol ingestion
25
Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms
Hypoventilation, airway constriction, damage to respiratory center in medulla,
26
Respiratory Alkalosis Symptoms
Hyperventilation (asthma, anxiety, high altitude)
27
Metabolic alkalosis Symptoms
constipation, ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate, diuretics which cause potassium depletion, vomiting
28
Symptoms of Acid Disorder
Headache, confusion, increased RR, hypotension, shock
29
Symptoms of Base Disorder
Lightheaded, inability to concentrate, numbness, tinnitus
30
Interventions for Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory support, hydration, positioning
31
Interventions for Respiratory Alkalosis
Breathing exercises, stress reduction, anxiety treatment
32
Interventions for Metabolic Acidosis
Airway management, bicarbonate infusion IV, oral bicarbonate if chronic
33
Interventions for Metabolic Alkalosis
Restore fluid volume, treat underlying causes, administer KCl and NaCl solution, monitor I/O
34
what is ROME
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
35
What to give for high potassium
ADICK, albuterol, dextrose, insulin, calcium, kayexalate
36
What is COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
37
what is emphysema
alveoli integrity destroyed, become like overdistended balloons, non recoiling alveoli leads to retention of air (CO2)
38
Emphysema symptoms
Barrel chest, prolonged exhaustion, patient can't get air out. chronic hypercapnia
39
What is bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchioles, mucus and edema inhibit ventilation
40
Bronchitis symptoms
Cyanosis, chronic hypoxia, clubbing of fingers, cough, right heart failure, JVD, ankle edema
41
COPD manifestations
exertional dyspnea, coughing, sputum production, wheezing and chest tightness
long term: clubbing of fingers, barrel chest, weight lost, right sided heart failure, decreased O2 stats, altered ABGs, cyanosis
42
Pneumonia and symptoms
lung infection with fluid in air sacs
cough, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, adventitious lung sounds, fever, decreased appetite
43
Treatment for Pneumonia
O2 therapy, ventilation, antibiotics, medication, position changes, fluid intake, encourage coughing and remove secretions
44
Pneumothorax and symptoms
Air in thoracic cavity causing collapsed lung and breathing problems, pain, asymmetrical lung expansion, decreased tactile Frementius, decreased or absent breath sounds
45
Different types of pneumothorax
Traumatic: blunt trauma, penetrating trauma causing 1 way valve of air into lungs
Open Traumatic: 2 way valve as air moves in and out
Iatrogenic Traumatic: we caused it
Spontaneous: no reason, happens to taller younger males
Primary: No apparent reasoning, commonly to younger tall men
Secondary: Have underlying disease like COPD for older between 60-65
46
Hemothorax
Blood in pleural space associated with trauma, life threatening hemodynamic and respiratory compromise
47
Treatment for Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
chest tube, needle stick between second intercostal space, to remove fluid/air, and re pressurize and expand lung
48
Pleural Effusion
Lung fills with fluid
49
Chest Tube chambers
A: suction control
B and C: water seal chamber, allows air to leave the pleural cavity but not re enter
D: drainage chamber
50
What is Croup and symptoms?
Upper and middle airway swelling resulting in restricted airflow, barky cough, nasal congestion and discharge, increased RR prolonged inspiratory phase
51
Croup Treatment
Cool humidified air, nebulizer medications, oral or injectable steroids, mechanical ventilation in severe cases
52
Epiglottitis
Inflamed epiglottis, cause respiratory failure, tripod positioning, drooling, stridor
53
Bronchiolitis
Inflamed bronchioles, edema and excess mucus, alveoli can collapse
54
What causes Bronchiolitis?
Influenza, RSV, Covid-19
55
Bronchiolitis Symptoms
Cough, fever, tachypnea, wheezing and crackles, retractions, hypoxia
56
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and symptoms
Infection of lungs like normal cold but worse especially in kids, restricted airflow, increased mucus production, wheezing or crackles, tachycardia, coughing
57
Asthma
Inflammation of airway, with narrowed airway decrease in O2 and difficulty breathing
58
Status Asthmatics
Severe asthma that cannot be treated by home treatment needs medical attention
59
SABA
relive bronchodilators, open airway, used for quick treatment/ prevention
60
LABA
taken daily for long term prevention and treatment of asthma, not used acutely
61
Inhaled Corticosteroids
decrease inflammation and prevent asthma exacerbations
62
Cystic Fibrosis
Develops due to abnormality in protein responsible for making mucus in organs, mucus is syrupy and thick, protein abnormality also effects Na+ movement, less sodium in blood
63
CF Symptoms
newborns don't pass meconium stool, chronic lack of oxygen and chronic cough, chronic constipation, low BMI, growth restriction, sweat will elevated salt content
64
CF Treatment
No cure, maintain health, humified oxygen, bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics, sodium chloride supplements, high protein and calorie diet, pancreatic enzyme and vitamin supplementation, constipation prevention, routine sputum collection and tests
65
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disorder where the body attacks its own tissue typically in feet and hands, leads to deformed and damaged joints and weakness and pain, also has nodules
66
Osteo Arthritis
Wear down of joints or injury related, degenerative disease, painful, muscle atrophy, immovable joints, crepitus
67
Bacterial VS Viral Infections
Bacterial: single celled microorganisms that live in variety of elements, often localized infections that spread, treatment antibiotics
Viral: much smaller, not technically organisms or alive, require host cell to survive and spread, often systematic infections, treatment is supportive care and antivirals if needed
68
Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritoneum and lining of the abdominal cavity, can be life threatening
69
How is Peritonitis caused?
Bowel perforation, peritoneal dialysis, perforated diverticulum (weakened part of bowel which can rupture and leak contents), ruptured appendix, surgery
70
Symptoms of Peritonitis
Rigid board like abdomen, distension, nausea and vomiting, rebound tenderness, fever, tachycardia
71
HIV/AIDS
HIV: weakened immune system that can harm itself which can later lead to AIDS if not properly prevented, no treatment but preventive measures like vaccinations, hygiene, easy to get sick or infected
72
HIV/AIDS Symptoms
Short Term: fever, headache, rash, sore throat
Long Term: weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, fever, diarrhea, cough
73
Meningitis and what causes it
Inflammation of the mengines (membrane in brain and spinal cord for protection)
Caused by fungi, amoeba, trauma, medications
74
Meningitis Symptoms and Diagnosis
Infants: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, respiratory symptoms
Adult: fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, photosensitivity
Diagnostic: lumbar puncture, CSF proteins, culture
75
What causes Respiratory Acidosis
Hypoventilation, airway constriction, damage to respiratory center in medulla, shallow breathing
76
What causes respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation, asthma, anxiety, high altitude
77
What causes metabolic acidosis
Diarrhea, kidney failure diabetes mellitus, excess alcohol ingestion
78
What causes metabolic alkalosis
constipation, ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate, vomiting, diuretics that causes K+ depletion
79
Carbonic Anhydrase Formula
CO2+H2O-CH2O3-H++HCO3-
80
Respiratory Acidosis ventilation vs Oxygenation
Ventilation: COPD, decreased RR, increased SPO2
Oxygenation: pneumonia, increased RR, decreased SPO2
81
Allergies Symptoms
Localized: nasal drainage, sneezing, watery eyes
Systematic: rash, hives, swelling, flushing, bronchospasms, wheezing
Anaphylaxis: medical emergency, stridor, hoarseness, bronchospasm
82
Fifths Disease and Symptoms
Human parvovirus B-19 spread by respiratory droplets in children 5-15
low fever, mild cold like symptoms, rash (slapped cheek appearance), body join pain
83
Strep Throat
Caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen lymph nodes, swollen tonsils with white patches, use antibiotics and pain relief to treat
84
Otitis Media
middle ear infection, caused by bacteria or viral infections, symptoms are ear pain, difficulty hearing, fever, fluid drainage from ear if eardrum ruptures, use antibiotics and ear tubes for recuring infections
85
Otitis Externa
swimmers ear, infection of outer ear canal caused by water exposure, symptoms are ear pain, itching, redness, swelling discharge from ear, treatment is topical antibiotics or antifungal ear drops
86
Pertussis
causes widespread airway inflammation, compromised ability to clear airway secretions, worse with younger infants
87
Pertussis Symptoms/ Complications
paroxysmal cough, coughing fits followed by whoop sound, difficulty breathing due to mucus accumulation, risk for secondary infections, potential respiratory failure in severe cases
88
Varicella (Chicken Pox)
viral infection of varicella zoster virus, appears 10-21 days after exposure and lasts 5-10 days
89
Chickenpox symptoms and treatment
rash: raised pink or red bumps, small fluid filled blisters, crusts and scabs, fever, headache, body malaise and use antivirals within 24 hours of rash to treat
90
Impetigo
skin infection that is highly contagious caused by staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus pyogenes, bacteria gets into area around skin, affects children age 2-6
91
Impetigo Symptoms
Rash on face that is progressive, itchy and painful red blisters or bumps that can rupture, lesions start to leak honey colored fluid (strep) or clear fluid (staph), red patches that crust over with yellowish brown crust
92
Impetigo Treatment
topical or oral: remove crust before applying
93
Impetigo Education
contact precautions, do not touch area, family use different linens and hand hygiene, still contagious within 48 hours of topical and 24 for oral antibiotics
94
Fever
fever which can be beneficial to immune response, treat symptoms not fever but if fever is too high kids can have seizures
95
Roseola
viral illness starts at fever and causes rash, high fever for 3-5 days and rash ap[pears afterwards, keep kids comfortable as treatment
96
Neonatal Fever
rectal temp of 100.4 or higher in infants younger then 3 months, emergency and should be seen by ER or doctor, can indicate early sign of sepsis
97
Diaper Dermatitis
Inflammation of skin in diaper area due to moisture, friction and contact with urine and stool, treatment: keep are clean and dry, frequent diaper changes, water wipes or mild cleanser, barrier cream containing zinc oxide
98
Lupus
Inflammation can occur chronicly or acutely in multiple body areas and tissues
99
Lupus symptoms
memory loss, seizures, rashes, ulcers, lung hemorrhaging/scaring, renal problems with inflammation, heart problems
100
Lupus treatment
Give medication that suppresses the immune system, and provide comfort care
101
Sensorimotor
0-2 years old, coordination of senses with motor responses, language and object permanence is developed
102
Preoperational
2-7, symbolic thinking, conservation is developed, imagination is strong but complex thinking is not developed
103
Concrete Operational
7-11 years old, concepts attached to concrete situations, time, space, quantity can be understood and applied but not as independent concepts
104
Formal Operational
11 years and older, theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and reasoning and planning becomes possible
105
Trust vs Mistrust
0-1, hope as virtue, basic needs like nourishment
106
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
1-3, will as virtue, develop a sense of interdependence in many tasks
107
Initiative vs Guilt
3-6, purpose as virtue, take initiative on activities but can develop guilt if in trouble
108
Industry vs Inferiority
7-11, competence as virtue, develop self confidence
109
Identity vs confusion
12-18, fidelity as virtue, experiment with and develop identity and role
110
Intimacy vs Isolation
19-29, love as virtue, establishes intimacy and relationships with others
111
Generativity vs Stagnation
30-64, care as virtue, contribute to society and part of a family
112
Integrity vs Despair
65 and above, wisdom as virtue, assess of life and contributions
113
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses, runny or stuffed nose, sneezing, headache, may need antibiotics
114
BBABIES
birth-1 year, body changes, achieving developmental milestones, baby safety, interventions, eating plan, social stimulation (play)
115
Body Changes in Babies
weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 1 year, height increases by 50% by 1 year, anterior fontanel closes by 2 months, posterior fontanel closes by 18 months
116
2 month milestones
holds up head on stomach, moves head to respond to sound, makes noise, smiles
117
4 month milestones
enjoys play, holds and reaches for toys, starts to roll over, remember face and objects
118
6 month milestones
situp without support, stranger danger, babbles with early vowel sounds, looks at self in mirror
119
9 month milestones
sits without support, crawling, stands with pulling, object permanence, hold objects
120
TODDLER
temper tantrums, on the move, diaper to potty transition, developmental stage theory, loves to say no, eating plan, Rrrr (rituals, rivalry, regressions)
121
Safety: DANGERS
Drowning, automobile accidents, nose dives, getting burned, eating toxic substances, revolver/ rifles (insecure firearms), suffocate/chokes
122
Preschool 3-5
5lb a year, 3 inches a year, begin losing baby teeth, play
123
School age 6-12
gain 4.5-7 lbs a year, grow 2.5 inches a year, start moving to permanent teeth
124
Adolescent 13-18
puberty and physical changes, peer influence, safety
125
Young adulthood 19-40
physical growth, peak in 20's, advanced problem solving, career, family, etc
126
Middle adulthood 40-65
aging changes, stable intellect, mentoring, reflection, career transitions
127
Older adulthood 65+
decline in function or chronic illness for physical, risk for memory decline, retirement, loss of loved ones, legacy
