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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major areas of philosophy

A

logic, epistemology, metaphysics, value theory, (applied areas)

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2
Q

logic - what is sound reasoning?

A

formalism, foundations of mathematics, proofs, sets

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3
Q

epistemology - what is knowledge? how do we know?

A

truth, skepticism, justification, hypothesis testing

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4
Q

metaphysics - what exists? what does it mean to exist?

A

ontology, space and time, modality, conceptual consilience

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5
Q

value theory - what is good?what should be?

A

ethics, normativity, aesthetics, social and political theory

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6
Q

applied areas

A

often expressed as philosophy of “something” or “something” ethics (philosophy of sex and love)

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7
Q

argument

A

set of statements, one of which (the conclusion) is taken to be supported by the remaining sentences (premises)

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8
Q

valid argument

A

argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for all the premises to be true and the conclusion false (use variables to represent sentences)

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9
Q

sound argument

A

a valid deductive argument with all true premises

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10
Q

deductive reasoning

A

seeks to find the truth through the process of logical deduction

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11
Q

inductive reasoning

A

even if the premises are true, the conclusion could be false; can be weak or strong and can be cogent or uncogent

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12
Q

abductive reasoning

A

reasoning to the best explanation given the facts; like detective work; parsimony

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13
Q

reductio ad absurdum

A

Assume A (opposite of what you want to prove) -> deduce a contradiction from A -> this proves A is false and ~A is true
> a logical argument that shows a claim is true by proving that the opposite would be absurd

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14
Q

what are the common local fallacies

A

ad hominem argument, argument from authority, arguing in a circle (begging the question), false dilemma, slippery slope, genetic fallacy, fallacy of composition, inconsistency, appeal to ignorance, naturalistic fallacy, post hoc fallacy

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15
Q

ad hominem argument

A

claiming that some unrelated personality flaw invalidates a person’s perspective on another issue

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16
Q

argument from authority

A

merely appealing to the position of someone else instead of constructing a positive argument for your position (Using the opinion of an illegitimate authority to justify your position)

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17
Q

false dilemma

A

happens when we reduce several possibilities to 2 alternatives

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18
Q

slippery slope

A

an argument that claims an initial event or action will trigger a series of other events and lead to an extreme or undesirable outcome

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19
Q

genetic fallacy

A

arguing against the truth of something simply because of its origins

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20
Q

fallacy of composition

A

assuming that just because the parts of a whole have a certain property, the whole will have it as well – OR – assuming that because the whole has a certain quality, the parts will also

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21
Q

inconsistency

A

arguing from 2 premises that are contradictory

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22
Q

appeal to ignorance

A

argument for or against a proposition based on a lack of evidence for or against it

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23
Q

naturalistic fallacy

A

argues that because something is “natural” it must be good – OR – argues that because something isn’t “natural” it must not be good

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24
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

assuming that because 2 events occur closely in time, 1 event causes the other

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25
what are the 4 types of love
philia, storge, agape, eros
26
philia
close friendship
27
storge
love that concerns care about the others interests and welfare; the way we feel for family members and very close friends
28
agape
universalized love and caring does not involve sexual desire
29
eros
closely associated with sexual desire
30
Plato's ladder of love
- love of the. . . form of beauty, beauty of knowledge and philosophy, beauty of laws and institutions, beauty of the soul, beauty of all bodies, body of an individual - physical to emotional to spiritual - eros, philia, agape
31
how history could generate uniqueness
- only the 2 have a particular history > this might spur the desire to continue the story - engagement in shared projects furthers exclusive bonds and excludes those not sharing in the projects - there is a certain way that each of us experiences things and the lover experiences our experiences > perhaps its watching these quirks and patterns that lets the lover recognize the uniqueness of the beloved
32
which philosophers gave reasons as to why we love
Plato, Russell, Schopenhauer, Beauvoir
33
Russel
“love is something far more than desire for sexual intercourse; it is the principal means of escape from the loneliness which afflicts most men and women throughout the greater part of their lives”
34
Beauvoir
authentic love allows the lover to reach beyond themselves > lovers enrich their lives and the world together > avoid loving in bad faith > project of equals, respect, great friendship, working together towards common goals
35
Schopenhauer
love is an illusion that tricks us into having sex
36
Sternberg's triangular theory of love
intimacy, passion, commitment
37
7 (8) type of love within Stern-burgs triangular theory of love
o non-love – no love at all o liking – intimacy without passion or commitment o infatuation – passion without intimacy or commitment o empty love – commitment without intimacy or passion o romantic love – combination of all 3 o companionate love – combination of intimacy and commitment o fatuous love – combination of passion and commitment o consummate love – combination of all 3
38
intimacy
feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness
39
passion
romance, physical attraction, sexual
40
commitment
decision to love someone and maintain that love
41
secure attachment style
> as a child – able to separate from parent; seek comfort from parents when frightened; return of parents is met with positive emotions, prefers parents to strangers > as an adult – gave trusting, lasting relationship; tend to have good self-esteem; comfortable sharing feelings with friends/partners; seek out social support
42
avoidant attachment style
> as a child - may avoid parents; does not seek much comfort or contact from parents; shows little to no preference between parent and stranger > as an adult – may have problems with intimacy; invest little emotion in social and romantic relationships; unable/unwilling to share thoughts and feelings
43
ambivalent attachment style
> as a child – may be wary of strangers; become greatly distressed when the parent leaves; do not appear to be comforted by the return of a parent > as an adult – reluctant to become close to others; worry that their partner doesn’t love them; become very distraught when a relationship ends
44
what happens to the brain in love
lust, attraction, attachment
45
lust
testosterone and estrogen
46
attraction
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
47
attachment
oxytocin and vasopressin
48
elements of addiction
binge/intoxication, withdrawal, preoccupation/anticipation, relapse
49
why do some claim that love is an addiction
because when we love our brains release chemicals and hormones that make us happy and feel good, similar to an addiction
50
alternatives to monogamy
polygamy (polygyny/polyandry), polyamory, swinging, open relationships
51
what are 2 ways that philosophy of sex can explore questions
conceptual analysis and normative analysis
52
what is the crude utilitarian argument for sex and problems with the argument
- sex produces pleasure - the more pleasure a situation includes, the better it is - so the more sex the better - problems – things are not so simple; there are negative effects of sexual activity
53
what are the arguments for sexual pessimism
o a person objectifies another both before and during sexual activity o sex involves deception o sex makes us animalistic o yielding to another’s sexual desire amounts to objectification of oneself o sex makes us lose control (exploitation/manipulation)
54
what are the arguments for sexual optimism
o sex can be a bonding mechanism o sexual pleasure is intrinsically valuable
55
what are ways we can evaluate sexual activity
- moral evaluations – morally obligatory, morally permissible, morally wrong, morally supererogatory - non-morally – good or bad - natural or unnatural
56
what are the reasons why we might want to consider the naturalness of sexual activity
- may allow us to understand our species better - might be useful for psychology - may be a factor in assessing its morality
57
what are the possible definitions of sex that Greta Christina considers
- when you think of it as sex when you are doing it, it is sex - if both or all of you think you are having sex it is sex - the conscious, consenting, mutually acknowledged pursuit of a shared sexual pleasure is sex - the conscious, consenting, mutually acknowledged pursuit of sexual pleasure of at least one of the people involved is sex
58
why McKeever doesn’t believe the scientific explanation is enough to provide a satisfying explanation of why sex is important in romantic relationships
because they tell us only about the mechanics of sex, rather than its meaning or phenomenology
59
what does McKeever say is involved in romantic love
- selective; conditional; tenacious; feels out of control > involves a desire for physical and emotional intimacy; involves a desire to share ones life and identity; ideally a mutual relationship between equals
60
what are the 4 central goods we want out of romantic love
1) pleasure 2) uniting 3) intimacy 4) vulnerability and care
61
what is the definition of dirty talk according to Portman
- 2 or more people mutually saying sexual things via an electronic intermediary > doesn’t mean there is something “bad” about it because of the word dirty
62
why does Portman believe that chatting is not cheating
not sex because it doesn’t satisfy the necessary condition for it to be sex: physical contact between participants
63
what is the necessary condition for something to be sex according to Portman
physical contact between participants
64
what does Portman believe chatting is morally equivalent to
viewing porn
65
what is the definition of using someone as a means sexually to Mappes
- to use them in a way that is incompatible with respect for that person - when we undermine the voluntary and/or informed character of their consent to interact with us in some desired way
66
Mappes - deception
lying and withholding information
67
Mappes - coercion
- occurrent – obliterates consent - dispositional – undermines the voluntariness of consent
68
Mappes - threat
if you do not do what I say, I will bring about an undesirable consequence for you
69
Mappes - offer
if you do what I am proposing, I will bring about a desirable consequence for you
70
how can we tell the difference between a threat and an offer
o ask – does the proposal in question have the effect of making a person worse off upon noncompliance o the recipient of an offer is not worse off than he or she was before the offer o the recipient of a threat, upon noncompliance, is worse off than he or she was before the threat
71
what are the special exceptions that Mappes dsicusses
o where the person making the offer is in a position of authority over the other person o when the person receiving the offer is severely constrained by their needs and the person making the offer is taking advantage of a desperate situation (coercive offer)
72
why do women consent to unwanted sex according to West
- economic dependency on a male partner - bad mood of her partner is she rejects him (or an argument) - she has been taught that it’s her role - rejection might lead to violence - she desires the protection of her male partner - peer pressure - doesn’t want to hurt her partner’s pride
73
how does engaging in undesired but consensual sex harm self-hood according to West
injury to their . . . capacity for self-assertion; sense of self possession; sense of autonomy, sense of integrity
74
why does harm to women who engage in unwanted sex often go unnoticed according to West
o cultural tendency to equate the legal with the good o the exchange theory of value o the liberal emphasis of individual choice o the pleasure men get from such transactions o some feminist legal theory
75
Halwani - casual sex
sexual activity that occurs outside the context of a relationship > often but not always the parties who engage in it seek only sexual pleasure
76
Halwani - promiscuity
having sex with many different people within a short time (the number and amount of time are variable)
77
why does Halwani believe that casual sex is likely objectifying
o humans tend to be selfish and self-interested o sexual desire is powerful o the point of casual sex is to attain sexual pleasure
78
what is Halwani's pessimistic view of sexual desire
o sexual desire targets bodies and parts of bodies o to satisfy sexual desire we often deceive and lie o can make us lose control o can make us irrational o we only attend to the desires of a partner for our own pleasure
79
what are Halwani's arguments that sex is likely objectifying but might be morally permissable
- it’s usually not harmful - participants are attentive to each other’s sexual needs and desires (even if for selfish reasons) - there are good things about sex
80
why does Morgan not believe that consent is enough to make sex moral
“the complex and frequently dark nature of human sexual desire requires a certain kind of ethical sensitivity from us and also gives us reason not to act on certain sexual impulses we might have, even if there is no one who fails to consent to their gratification”
81
Morgan - hedonistic account of sexual desire
“sexual desire is simply the desire to experience a very particular kind of essentially bodily pleasure, a kind of pleasure usually though not essentially achieved by physical contact with the body of another human being”
82
why does Morgan reject the hedonistic account
he believes this account is too generalized and simple
83
Morgan - benevolence
does not require that we actively pursue the happiness of a particular person so we are not required to be sure that someone’s happiness will be furthered by having sex with them (only that we not have a special reason to believe that sex would be detrimental to them)

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