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Developmental Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are three types of changes that occur?

A

Permanent changes; changes that occur normally during development; changes that occur happen in all organisms

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1
Q

What is development concerned with?

A

Progressive changes that occur during the formation of organisms

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2
Q

Explain permanent changes

A

Result in formation of specific structures such as the eye, flower, or limb

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3
Q

Describe changes that occur normally during development

A

Changes are programmed in organisms genome and occur throughout life

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4
Q

Describe changes that occur in all organisms

A

Changes occur in all organisms not just vertebrae’s includes prokaryotes, bacteria, eukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals

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5
Q

What are the multiple levels of development

A

1) genes 2) macromolecules (proteins, lipids)
3) cells, 4) tissues (groups of cells)
5) organs (tissue arrangement)
6) Whole organism itself

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6
Q

What are the six major development questions

A

1) differentiation
2) morphogenesis/pattern
3) growth
4) reproduction
5) evolution
6) integration of environment

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7
Q

Describe the question of differentiation

A

How do you have a single cell give rise to whole organisms containing all different cell types multiple cell types from one cell
stem cells, how to get a cell to make a particular cell type

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8
Q

Describe the question of morphogenesis/pattern

A

Different cell types arrange in patterns

what are the rules that dictate where cells go

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9
Q

Describe the question of growth

A

Cells divide, increase in size and stop dividing cell size is regulated, what controls this
growth of arm, how some know when to stop dividing
something regulating the growth
uncontrolled cell growth leads to cancer

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10
Q

Describe the question of reproduction

A

Info set aside very early in development for continuation into next-generation
how do we do this, set info aside?

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11
Q

Describe the question of evolution

A

Anything that results in phenotype changes in embryo
Darwins finches- all starts with embryo
can be at structural, genetic, or cellular levels

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12
Q

Describe the question of integration of environment

A

Big impact, why mothers don’t drink, do drugs don’t let kids eat lead paint, can have severe impact on development

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13
Q

What are the six common stages/sequence that occurs during development for life cycles

A

1) fertilization
2) cleavage
3) gastrulation
4) organogenesis
5) larval stage
6) reproduction

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14
Q

Describe the lifecycle stage of fertilization

A

Fertilization is when the sperm meets the egg to form a Diploid organism, form unique gene combination, gametes join

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15
Q

Describe the life cycle stage of cleavage

A

Rapid cell division; single cell organisms ➡️ multiple cellular organism with cleavage
results in a hollow ball of cells known as the blastula

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16
Q

Describe the lifecycle stage of gastrulation

A

Ball begins to fold in on itself
cells move relative to one another
dimple Inward, cells moving in and the gastrulation leaves the three germ layers

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17
Q

What are the three germ layers

A

1) endoderm (inside)
2) ectoderm (outside)
3) mesoderm (between)

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18
Q

Describe the lifecycle stage organ formation, organogenesis

A

Germ layers interacting result in formation of tissue and organs
lots of cell migration -nervous system, somites, muscles

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19
Q

Describe what the germ plasm does

A

The germplasm stays together localized, as embryo develops it ends up in the gonads goes on to form gametes for next-generation

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20
Q

What is the Phylotypic stage

A

It is the stage that is common for all animals in a certain phylum

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21
Q

Describe the life cycle larval stage

A

Immature before they become sexually mature (metamorphosis: frogs, insects)

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22
Q

Describe the lifecycle stage of reproduction

A

Cytoplasm in egg set aside to form germ cells cytoplasm become cells that have the gametes

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23
Q

What did Von Baer discover?

A

After the labels of his embryos came off and he couldn’t tell them apart he realized that there must be a similar stage before organism start to develop differently

24
Q

What did Von Baers realization lead to

A

Phylotypic- resistant to change genes involved with performing early organs are genes that also have critical functions later in development

25
Q

What did people used to say that’s not true?

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (development shows what’s happening before evolution)

26
Q

What is von Baers first law

A

Phylum characteristics appear before characteristics of more refined groups such as order/class

27
Q

What is von Baers second law

A

You see more general characteristics of a group of occur before more specialized characteristics do, ectoderm similar in all vertebrae’s looks same early on then starts to specialize into hair, scales, feathers

28
Q

What is Von Baers third law

A

Embryos don’t pass through the adult stages of other species

29
Q

What is Von Baers fourth law

A

Embryos are like the embryos of other species not like the adults

30
Q

Differential gene expression

A

Nucleus Vs. cytoplasm

different genes expressed in different cell types

31
Q

What are the four differential gene expression levels

A

1) can control expression of genes at the transcriptional level, production of mRNA from DNA
2) can regulate at post transcriptional level from DNA once RNAs made you can clip out Introns, splice, and transport, expressing mRNA
can splice in different ways to make different proteins
3) translational control- production of proteins from mRNA, regulate production of proteins from mRNA
4) post translational level- lots of proteins need to be modified before they are functional clipping/grouping/phosphorylation

32
Q

What is genomic equivalence

A

Idea that every cell in our body has exactly the same genes

33
Q

What are genetic switches?

A

?

34
Q

Give 2 examples of how genetic switches can link developmental changes to evolution

A

?

35
Q

Describe polytene chromosomes in insects

A

Total RNA produced by any cell is just a small part of genome, 10% of the genome in 1 cell

36
Q

What type of cells in insects duplicate their DNA but don’t divide, end up with 100’s of 1000’s of copies of identical DNA in parallel to each other

A

Salivary glands

37
Q

What are puff’s?

A

Swollen puffs, DNA portion found in some of the reproducible banding patterns. They occur at different times and in different cell types

38
Q

Describe the first amphibian cloning experiment

A

Done in Indiana (1950) it showed that you could transfer the nucleus from a blastula at put it into a enucleated egg and it would go on to form a tadpole. This would not work if the nucleus was from a cell that had already differentiated.

39
Q

What got john Gurdon the Nobel prize

A

He was the first to show that cloning was possible using already differentiated cell nuclei. Using xenopus he took skin from the adult frogs foot and these nuclei when placed in a enucleated cell, produced a tadpole

40
Q

Describe the 1st mammalian cloning

A

1990’s dolly the sheep in Scotland. They used 7 different strains of sheep so they could keep track of the donor and recipients. They arrested cells (used mammary gland cells) at the G0 phase. Put these next to occyte(enucleated) and gave them an electric shock which fused them together. They started to develop and then were placed in a pregnant sheeps uterus

41
Q

What type of cloning was dolly the sheep

A

Reproductive cloning

42
Q

What type of cloning is used for humans to help with cell deficits?

A

Therapeutic cloning

43
Q

How do we get DNA from blood if red blood cells have no nucleus?

A

White blood cells along with some other components do contain nuclei and therefore DNA

44
Q

DNA+protein=

A

Chromatin

45
Q

Which has more protein, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

46
Q

What are most proteins in eukaryotic nuclei?

A

Histones

47
Q

What do histones form?

A

Nucleosome

48
Q

What is the basic unit of chromatin structure?

A

Nuclesome

49
Q

What are histones composed of?

A

Octomer, 2 dimers H2A and H2B, 2 dimers of H3 and H4 = 8 total

50
Q

How many Base pairs is a histones DNA strip

A

140bp’s

51
Q

How many bp’s is the area of DNA that allows for stabilization?

A

60bp’s

52
Q

What keeps the histones from unwrapping

A

H2

53
Q

H1 causes the nucleosides to be tightly packed so what cannot or very little can occur?

A

Transcription

54
Q

What joins nucleosomes together?

A

Linker DNA

55
Q

What are the histones tails used for?

A

Groups can join to either loosen or tighten the DNA band around the histone core

56
Q

What does the binding of a acetyl group to a histone tail do?

A

It loosens the DNA around the core histone which allows for transcription

57
Q

What does the binding of a methyl group to a histone tail do to a nucleosome?

A

It causes the DNA to bind more tightly preventing transcription

58
Q

What is the nucleosome function

A

90% of genes are inactive due to being tied up in nucleosomes. In order for transcription to start, you need to remove the nucleosomes

????? Check old note cards

Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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