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CMD 160 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Impairment (disorder)

A

Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.

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2
Q

Disability

A

A reduced competence in meeting daily living needs.

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3
Q

Handicap

A

A social, educational, or occupational disadvantage that results from an impairment or disability.

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4
Q

Person-first language

A

The communication disorder is a descriptor of the individual and not a person’s primary attribute.

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5
Q

Speech

A

How we say sounds and words ( the production)

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6
Q

Language

A

Refers to the words we use and how we use them

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7
Q

Semantics

A

What words mean

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8
Q

Morphology

A

How to make new words

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9
Q

Syntax

A

How to put words together (grammar)

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10
Q

Pragmatics

A

What we should say at different times ( social cues , facial expressions, eye contact, turn taking)

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11
Q

Congential

A

lack of oxygen -> difficulty with muscle -> speech disorder. Present at birth or happened during pregnancy

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12
Q

Etiology

A

cause of a medical condition

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13
Q

Syndrome

A

group of symptoms that are seen in a common way

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14
Q

Prevalence

A

of people in the population that have a condition

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15
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases in a year

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16
Q

Articulation and phonological disorders

A

Affecting the production of speech sounds (approximately 10% of children)

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17
Q

Fluency disorders

A

Unusual interruption in the flow of speaking (5% incidence, 1% prevalence in the population) (stuttering)

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18
Q

Voice disorders

A

between 3-9% of U.S population ( vocal paralysis)
- Phonation: (loudness, pitch, quality) ( Teachers are prone to overuse their voice)
- Resonance disorders ( vocal nodes can occur and horse-voice quality)

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19
Q

Language delay- “late talkers”

A

< 50 words at 2 years old
“Catch up”: 50% will be within the normal range by age 5
Around age 1 children start talking

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20
Q

Developmental language disorders

A

Significantly interferes with socialization/education sucess
6-8% of all children
Includes children with intellectual disability, autism, specific language impairment, dyslexia

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21
Q

Acquired language disorders

A

Due to brain damage, usually in adults
- Traumatic brain injury ( car accident)
- Cerebrovascular accidents ( stroke)
- Aphasia ( most common acquired language disorder) Result of a stroke -> difficulty in expressive language
-Progressive degeneration - 2 million Americans - Dementia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s , ALS- neurological disease

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22
Q

Hearing Disorders

A

28 million people with hearing disorders
- classified by degree of hearing loss:
- Mild: can hear all vowels and most consonants spoken at conversational loudness levels
-Moderate: Difficult to hear conversational speech , Moderatley-severe: Difficult to hear louder speech
-Severe: Can hear environmental noises ( car horns) but not speech
-Profound: May be able to hear extremely loud noises ( jet plans loading)

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23
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

-Outer/middle ear (Ear canal, Ear drum) It can be treated medically or sugrically. Excessive Ear wax could be the cause of this.
- Potential causes: fluid in the middle ear, otosclerosis, perforated ear drum, presence of foreign body.

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24
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

This is non-treatable
-Inner ear/nervous system (snail shape-nerve hairs)
-Potential causes: genetic conditions, exposure to noise (aging), ototoxicity, autoimmune diseases, infections

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25
Mixed hearing loss
Combination and conductive ( ear wax) and sensorineural loss (aging)
26
Bilateral hearing loss
Both side ( aging) (meds)
27
Unilateral hearing loss
one side (tumor)
28
Culture
a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people
29
Socialization
process of learning how to interact with others within your culture
30
Acculturation
process of learning or adapting to a different culture
31
Variation in socialization practices
We interpret behavior based on our experiences Important to remember that people may have different ways of interacting based on culture Children from different backgrounds may learn through different interactions to be contributing adult members of the society.
32
Cultural Mismatch
Occurs most often when children from non-mainstream cultures enter the public-school system - Teacher- student communication - Student- student communication - Expectations for behavior
33
If there is a cultural mismatch SLPS must
- understand how the first and second languages are learned -understand how languages and dialects vary -understand how socialization may affect school performance
34
Bilingualism
Individuals who speaks and understands two languages It takes 1-3 years to learn basic interpersonal communication skills 5-7 years to reach higher-level cognitive academic language
35
Bilingualism
Sequential- learns first language and then learns the second language in school or as an adult. Continuum of proficiency- task dependent Code switching - response to the situation or to their listeners
36
Interaction between languages
- Grammar of the home language may influence word order in the second language ( placement of articles and nouns in Spanish vs English. It's important for SLPS to understand how/when the individual came to learn the two languages , Assess in both languages to have complete understanding of the person's speech/language
37
Dialects
A variation of a language that is understood by all speakers of a language. Social and geographical patterns ( British English vs American English
38
Cultural and Linguistic Diverisity
Standardized test performance - Linguistically and culturally diverse students fail reading tests at much higher rates and it may be culturally biased Differences in process of acculturation- may account for some of the differences in performance of bilingual children
39
Communication competency
The knowledge and awareness that speakers of a language possess and use to communicate. It's more than speaking grammatical sentences. It's skilled navigation of both linguistic (language) and pragmatic ( practical application) that enables successful communication. A speaker with communication competences knows: how, where, when and with whom to speak.
40
Building blocks of language
Content- meaning or semantics Form- Syntax,Morphology,Phonology (structure or sounds) Use- Pragmatics , eye contact ,turn-taking
41
6-8 months Understands simple words (mommy,daddy,dog)
Understand simple words ( develops receptive language first) Babbling ( All babies do this) This is an example of tactical feedback which is the feels/sounds produced by lips
42
10-14 months First words
First words Jargon- BA BA BA but with intention
43
16-24 months
2-word utterances for example like All done, Baby go First grammatical morphemes - Asking for something but adding an s to the end
44
Semantics ( Pre-school)
Lexical semantics - 200 words by the age of 2 and 1400 by the age of 4 Relational semantics - express relationships in a sentence.
45
Phonology ( Pre-school)
Omissions: fog/frog Substitutions: tup/cup Distortions: laterial s
46
Morphosyntax ( Pre-school)
Plurals Clauses: S-V-O Auxiliary verbs: is, are , was , were
47
Semantics ( school-age years)
Lexical- learn 3,000 words/year Relational- figurative language: Metaphor: "all the world's a stage", Idiom: "Read between the lines"
47
Discourse ( Pre-school)
Conversations- Assertive and responsive Narration- Personal and fiction
48
Phonological awareness ( school-age years)
Initial sounds identification Sounds segementation
49
Morphosyntax ( school-age years)
Complex sentences Oral vs written language : language for taking and writing is different
50
Discourse complexity ( school-age years)
Narration Explanation Persusasion Negotiation
51
Semantics
Lexical: vocation specific, then vocabulary declines later in life
52
Pragmatics
Situational Aging: Topic maintenance, verbosity , fewer verbal inhibitions
53
Fundamentals of sound
- Generating sound (vibrating) -Objects requires mass ( amount of matter) (air) - Requires elasticity ( ability to move) ( air molecules) -Movements of an object can be represented by a waveform -Shows amount and rate of displacement
54
Waveform technology
Amplitude- Loudness Frequency- Pitch Period- Time
55
Sine waves
Small part of what we hear like simple sounds. It's not speech it like microwave sounds, hospital sounds, voicemails
56
Simple sounds
Vibrate at a singular frequency Rarely occur in the real world "Beep"
57
Complex sounds
Vibrations that contain 2 or more frequencies Nearly all sounds in the real world Vowels, consonants, noise
58
Sound Propagation
Vibrations cause molecules in the air to move Molecules bump into other molecules making them move Sound travels at roughly 350 m/s (~ 783 mph) As you move further from the sound source, the amplitude decreases due to friction in the air
59
Auditory system
Peripheral auditory system - includes the outer ,middle ,inner ear This picking up the sounds from the environment Central auditory system- includes the Auditory nerve , Brainstem, Auditory cortex This sends the information from the sounds to the brain to comprehend
60
Outer ear
- Pinna ( on the top of your ear) - External auditory Meatus (canal)
61
Middle ear
- Eustachian Tube ( connects the middle ear to the back of throat) - Ossicular Chain ( Incus , Malleus , Stapes) -Tympanic Membrane ( ear drum)
62
Inner ear
Consists of 3 sensory organs - Cochlea ( It' s incased in bone, a hollow tube , it starts at the oval window and ends at the round window) -Vestibule ( area that connects there two together) -Semicircular canals ( has to do with balance)
63
Cochlea (snail-like structure) - size of a pea - Damage is permament
There are 3 sections filled with fluid: - Scala vestibuli (perilymph) First time -Scala media ( endolymph) Second time -Scala Tymnani (perilymph) Third time The soundwave has to go through the cochlea
64
Basilar membrane ( cross section of the cochlea)
Separates the scala tympani from scala media Moves in a water-like manner Loud sounds creates large waves Small sounds create small waves Tonotopic High pitches at the beginning and Low pitches at the end
65
Organ of Corti
End organ for hearing - Traveling wave: determined by amplitude and frequency of the sound - It includes hair cells which is used for hearing. But if it's damaged or die that's it because you are born with a certain amount of hair cells.
66
Sound Propagation through the ear
Acoustic sound in the ear canal Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane vibrates Causes ossicular chain to move (vibrates) Moves the oval window
67
Auditory Nerve ( Cranial Nerve VIII)
2 branches: Vestibulocochlear - Auditory- Hearing - Vestibular- Balance Contains 30,000 neurons that conduct information in one direction Afferent- transmit information from te cochlea to the brain Efferent- transmit information from the brain to cochlea
68
Speech sounds
1. Auditory nerve fiber 2. Lpsilateral cochlear nuclues 3. Superior olivary nucleus 4. Inferior ccolliculus 5.Medial geniculate nucleus 6. Right Auditory cortex
69
Age of set for children
It impacts their development of speech and language like delays as well as social skills, It also effects their education and emotions.
70
Age of set for adults
Occupational, social and emotional impacts
71
Severity of loss
The greater the severity, the more impact there is on communication
72
Pure tone Audiometry- The Equipment
The Audiometer which is the hearing test and then the methods of sound delivery are over the ear headphones and insert earphones and lastly the bone conduction Oscillator
73
The Measurements
Two units of measure - Frequency: Beep (pitch) - Intensity
74
Frequency
Units: hertz (HZ) Psychological correlate- Pitch What's the softest sound you can hear?
75
Intensity
Units: The decibel (dB) Sound pressure level (dB SPL) Hearing Level (dB HL)- Threshold measured in hearing test Psychological correlate= Loudness The level at which one can detect sound 50% of the time Tested at various frequencies Tested by air conduction and by bone conduction ( lowest level you can hear)
76
Pure Tone Audiometry testing methods
Conventional testing - Adults and children ages 5 years and older Conditioned play Audiometry - Toddler to preschool age Visual Reinforcement Audiometry - 6 months of age and up
77
The audiogram
Normal range (-10 - 25 dB HL) Mild range ( 26-40 dB HL) Moderately severe ( 55-70 dB HL) Severe ( 70-90 dB HL) Profound ( 90+ dB HL)
78
Air conduction vs Bone conduction
Air conduction represents the entire auditory system Bone conduction measures cochlear function

CMD 160 (1 decks)

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