exam 1 Flashcards
What are some stereotypes placed on different groups of people
The concept that “all adolescents are lazy” or that “all women are all bad drivers” are some examples
of stereotypes. They almost always include “all”, and some sort of generalizatio
What is a stereotype?
A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person
or thing
What is the usual age that girls and boys will start puberty to be diagnosed with precocious puberty?
Precocious puberty usually occurs before 8 years of age for girls and before 9 years of age for boy
Is it bad to be early or late for puberty, or just different from being on time?
According to the textbook, there can be negative effects for both male and female children
undergoing both early and late puberty:
For example: Females who undergo puberty earlier than average are more likely to be sexually
preyed upon, have eating disorders and lower self esteem. Males who undergo puberty later often are
more insecure and have a worse self when they are younger, but often when they are 30+ years old,
they feel more fulfilled than their counterparts who experienced puberty earlier
Do the Secular Trends of puberty being onset earlier and earlier affect the social impacts of
adolescents as well? (if puberty is being onset earlier does that exaggerate negative and positive effects
across the board as well?
Yes, if puberty occurs earlie
How does precocious puberty affect the lives of the adolescents who are influenced by
It often causes adolescents to become socially popular and successful earlier in life, but is also linked
to mental health issues such as depression in adulthood
What are some social impacts that would make an individual start going through puberty early
(precocious puberty)?
Early stress to a child’s life,absent parents,high family conflictions,(divorse,new family
members,destructive households) Low economic status(not having enough money or foo
What is the main type of female sex hormones and what i the main type for males
The main type of Female sex hormone are estrogens and the main type of sex hormones for males is
androgens.
What are the differences between androgens and estrogens, and what are they for
Androgens and estrogens are hormones. Estrogens are produced by females and androgens are
hormones that contribute to growth and reproduction in both men and women. They are necessary for
growth and sexual development.
What’s the purpose of androgens and estrogens
Androgens are the main male sex hormone. Estrogens are the main female sex hormone. Both
are present in everyone though. One type of androgen is testosterone, which leads to the physical changes associated with male
puberty. One type of estrogen is estradiol, which leads to the physical changes associated with female
puberty.
What effect does the amygdala have on adolescent developmen
The amygdala is the main structure involved with emotion in the brain. The amygdala develops earlier
than the prefrontal cortex. This development causes adolescents to be more likely to engage in risk-
taking behavior
What is the main function of the amygdala during adolescence
The amygdala is the part of the brain that involves emotions and matures earlier. Because of this, it
can include certain risk-taking adventures in adolescents.
How does the amygdala influence an overall emotional response
The amygdala influences an overall emotional response by acting as one of the brain’s emotional
controls. It enhances more emotion when stimulated and overall contributes to emotional experienc
What function does the prefrontal cortex serve and how does that function affect adolescent
development?
The prefrontal cortex is the decision-making part of the brain. This is responsible for the ability to
plan and problem-solve and this part of the brain keeps developing from childhood through early-
adulthood
Q: Because the prefrontal cortex is still developing in adolescence, what differences might we see in
comparison to a person whose prefrontal cortex is fully developed in terms of decision-making and
problem-solving?
A: Since the prefrontal cortex is involved in reasoning / impulse control, but develops after the
amygdala, people with a developed prefrontal cortex are less likely to make impulsive, self destructive
decisions
Q: What is the prefrontal cortex of the brain responsible for
The prefrontal cortex involves reasoning, decision-making, and self-control. This part of the brain is
the highest level of the brain’s frontal lobes
Your Prefrontal Cortex controls what part of your brain?
Located in the frontal lobe, it is involved with reasoning, judgement, decision making, and self contr
What is the prefrontal cortex of the brain responsible for
: The prefrontal cortex involves reasoning, decision-making, and self-control. This part of the brain is
the highest level of the brain’s frontal lobes.
What part of development is the prefrontal cortex most strongly linked to?
The prefrontal cortex is most strongly linked to the development of reasoning, self-control,
and decision making. This part of the brain continues to develop through adult years, from 18 to 25
years old.
What is Niche-picking?
Niche picking refers to finding a setting that is suited to one’s abilities.
For example, someone who is
musically talented will more than likely seek out musical environments to best express their talent
How does niche-picking affect adolescence and where they end up
Niche-picking is the theory that allows children to match their environment to their heredity (they
also find the environment to be stimulating/comforting). This allows the individual to form a sort of zone
of comfort which deliberately allows them to live as they want. (For example, extroverted individuals
may choose to engage in more social aspects of childhood
What process does someone go through when picking their niche
When a child is niche-picking, they try many different environments and activities and then they
choose to focus on the ones that are the most stimulating and compatible to them
What does it mean when a psychologist refers to the term niche-picking?
The term niche-picking is when an individual surrounds themselves in a setting that suits their
abilities. For example, an individual who enjoys reading will likely join a reading clu
What are the three types of genotype-environment correlations?
The three types of genotype-environment correlations are passive, evocative, and active
What are examples of genotype environment correlation? Why do we seek out environments that
support our genetic tendencies?
One type of genotype-environment correlation is the Passive genotype-environment correlation. This
is where biological parents pass on both genetic and environmental tendencies. For example, smart
parents normally have smarter children, but they also might have more books allowing their child to
become smarter. Another type of genotype-environment correlation is the evocative genotype-
environment correlation. an adolescent’s genetically shaped characteristics elicit certain types of
physical and social environments. For example, smiling elicits a friendly environment. The final type of
correlation is the active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations, where children seek out
environments that they find compatible and stimulating. They do this to better express themselves
Which of the genotype-environment correlations include adolescents choosing what is most
compatible and stimulating to them?
The genotype- environment that includes adolescents choosing what is most compatible and
stimulating to them is, active genotype- environment correlation.
What is the difference between passive, evocative, and active genotype-environment correlation?
Passive: correlations that occur because biological parents provide a rearing environment for their
child
Evocative: correlations that occur because an adolescents genetically shaped characteristics elicit certain
types of physical and social environmen
Active: (niche-picking) correlation that can occur when children seek out environments that they find
compatible and stimulating
What is the process of equilibration
Equilibration explains how individuals shift from one idea to the next. It is moving from equilibration
to disequilibration and back again through an adaptation process called assimilation or accommodati
What is the process of equilibration
Equilibration is the process between equilibrium and disequilibrium; the process one goes through
when encountering new information. When new information is encountered, an individual falls into
disequilibrium. At disequilibrium, an individual will either go through assimilation or accommodation to
return to equilibrium. Assimilation is the incorporation of new information into an existing schema,
meaning schemas do not change. Accommodation is the adjustment of a schema in response to this
new information. Once this new information is either assimilated or accommodated, the individual
returns to their natural state of equilibrium.
What are the stages of getting to equilibration?
The stages are learning new information that makes them go into a sense of disequilibrium while
trying to understand. They will either go through assimilation, which is the incorporation of new information, or they will go through accommodation, which is an adjustment of schema in response to
new information. After finding a balance they will enter equilibrium
What are the stages Piaget defines, and what differentiates each of these stages
Piaget defines four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational. Sensorimotor stage relates to infants, and their ability to gain
knowledge through the actions they perform in the new world. Preoperational stage relates to ages 2-7;
this is where the cold begins to use mental representations to understand the world such as symbolic
thinking. Concrete operational stage relates to ages 7-11, and this is where the child can now reason
logically about concrete events, understands the concept of conservation, and begins organizing objects
by classification. Lastly, the formal operational stage relates to years 11 and up, and this is where the
adolescent now reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. (pg. 90)
What are the stages Piaget defines, and what differentiates each of these stage
- Sensorimotor stage: Gaining knowledge of the world through physical actions they perform on
it. - Preoperational stage: Begins to use symbolic thinking: images, words, and symbols.
- Concrete operational stage: Can classify and organize concrete events.
- Formal operational stage: Can think in more abstract / idealized ways
What are the stages in Piaget’s theory and the associated processes?
Sensorimotor stage (Birth-2)- infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory
experiences, Preoperational stage(2-7)- children represent their world with words, images, and
drawings, Concrete operational stage (7-11)- logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as the
reasoning can be applied to concrete examples, formal operational (11-15)- characterized by abstract,
idealistic, and logical thought.
How does Piaget’s stages and associated processes wor
Piaget’s first stage is sensorimotor, where infants use physical actions and sensory experiences to
learn about the world. The next stage is preoperational, when children learn to represent things with
symbols. In the concrete operational stage, children begin using logical reasoning and categorize objects,
and in the formal operational stage, adolescents use more abstract ideas to reason
What is Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity is the process whereby two participants who begin a task with different
understandings arrive at a shared understandin
What are some similarities and differences between Piaget and Vygotsky?
Piaget believed that people naturally progressed in their learning, and that adults’ jobs were to
provide a framework through which the child would naturally progress through the stages
of development, while Vygotsky believed that learning was socially constructed, and that it had no
distinct stages. Students learned best, according to him, when they were carefully guided by a mentor
figure.(pg.27 & 28)
How are teaching styles inspired by Piaget and Vygotsky similar and differen
Located on pg. 97, a similarity include that the teacher is a facilitator and a guide the student, some
differences are in Piaget’s theory, he placed little emphasis on sociocultural context and was a cognitive
constructivist and Vygotsky was a social constructivist and placed a strong emphasis on sociocultural
context.
What’re the main similarities and differences that differentiate Piaget and Vygotsk
A main similarity between Vygotsky and Piaget is that they both believed that an individual’s cognitive
development is greatly impacted by the world around them. A difference between the two is that Piaget
believed that cognitive development occurs in stages while Vygotsky believed it is a continuous process
that each individual goes through one their own unique timing
What are the similarities and differences of Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory in the classroom
A similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is the belief that “individuals actively construct their
knowledge” (p. 28). A difference is Vygotsky stresses culture and society are key, while Piaget stresses
the importance of the environment.
Did Vygotsky believe in stages of development or did he believe in something else
He didn’t believe in stages, rather social interaction in their culture. He believed in ZPD and scaffolding
as a part of learning. They develop individually rather than at specific stages.
What was Vygotsky’s theory on cognitive development
Vygotsky believed that adolescents learn most through social interactions. A key component of his
theory was the Zone of Proximal Development. This referred to the range of tasks that an individual
cannot complete alone but can complete with the help from a more knowledgable person. If task is
below ZPD, an individual can complete it alone and if it is above ZPD, the task is too difficult to
complete
What does Vygotsky believe is the best way for adolescents to grow in cognitive developmen
: Vygotsky believed that cognitive development best thrives through collaboration with other peers, as
well as older adults
Did Vygotsky believe that children should do course work that they can accomplish by themselves or
should they do work that they must have assistance in completing?
Vygotsky believed that working with others is extremely important in adolescent development. He
was a social constructivist and thought that social interaction and culture was the best way to construct
knowledge.
If someone is in a class outside of their ZPD, what would be the result
If a student is outside of their Zone for Proximal Development, they will be faced with assignments
that are too hard to complete, even with assistance from teachers or peers. The student will not learn
during the class
According to Vygotsky, what is the ZPD and how does education implement it in classrooms
ZPD is Vygotsky’s concept that refers to the rage of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to
master alone, but that can be mastered with the guidance, or assistance of adults or more skilled pe
Which of these types of attention would be the closest in resemblance to multitasking: 1) Selective
attention 2) Divided attention or 3) Executive attenti
The closest type of attention to multitasking would be divided attention. (pg 9
What are the four subtypes of attention?What are some attention types
Selective Attention- focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others
that are irrelevant. Divided Attention- concentrating on more than one activity at a time. Sustained
Attention- the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
Executive Attention- involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and
compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with difficult circumstance
What are the 4 subtypes of attention, and which one is considered “multitasking
: The four subtypes of attention are selective attention, divide attention, sustained attention, and
executive attention. Divided attention is considered multitasking
What are the four different types of “attention” an individual can have? Is multitasking possibl
The four different types of attention an individual can experience are selective attention, divided
attention, sustained attention, and executive attention, (Santrock, 2017, pg.99). Multitasking is possible
as it falls under the “divided attention” category, however, studies have shown that multitasking with
media can be linked to bad memory, increased impulsivity, and reduced c=volume in the cerebral
cortex, which isn’t always a positive thing,
What characterizes executive function?
higher order, complex cognitive processes such as making decisions, reasoning, thinking critically,
thinking creatively, and metacognition (Santrock 2019, p. 10
What is a work bench for memory?
: Working memory is essentially a mental “workbench”, where individuals manipulate and assemble
information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.
Working memory is described as more active and powerful in modifying information than is short-term
memory.
What are the different types of memory
Short term memory, working memory, Sensory Memory, and Long-Term Memory
What are the three types of memory? Describe each
The three types of memory are long term, short term, and working memory. Long term memory is “a
relatively permanent memory system that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time”
(101). Short term memory is “a limited-capacity memory system in which information is retained for as
long as 30-seconds” (100) and working memory is “a kind of workbench where individuals manipulate
and assemble information when they make decisions” (10
What are the different types of memory
The different types of memory are short-term memory (a limited-capacity memory system
in which information is retained for as long as 30 seconds), working memory (individuals manipulate and
assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken
knowledge), and long-term memory (relative permanent memory that holds huge amounts of
information for a long period of time
Q:What are two learning and memory styles
Two memory styles are short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory has a limited
capacity, only retained for 30 seconds. Whereas long-term memory is a relatively permanent memory
system that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time. (pg. 100 & 101) Learning styles
fall under the category of executive function, which has two types: hot executive function (involving
conscious control driven by logical thinking and critical analysis) and cool executive function (driven by
emotion, with emotion regulation an especially important process).
What is one of the most important strategies in regards to learning
Elaboration is one of the most important. Elaboration is creating a new relationship among stim
