Exam 1 Flashcards
How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?
4 bonds; Octet rule states elements need 8 electrons in outer shell to stabilize. The electron configuration of Carbon is…
1s^2|2s^2 2p^2
Outer shell holds 4 electrons in total. Needs four more to adhere to OCTET RULE (8 electrons)
Therefore, 4+4=8….
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds.
How many bonds can nitrogen make?
3 bonds;
Electron configuration: 1s^2|2s^2 2p^3
5 electrons are within outer shell…3 more needed.
Nitrogen makes 3 bonds.
Why are hydrogen bonds important in biology?
Impact most of water’s life properties; Cohesion, Adhesion, Resistance to temperature changes, versatility as solvent
Why are buffers important and found in biological fluids?
Buffers stabilize pH levels in which minimize changes in concentrations
What properties of water make it important?
Cohesion/Adhesion, Vaporization, Common solvent for life
Seven functional groups seen in organic molecules?
Hydroxyl —–> -OH
Phosphate —-> - POH
Carbonyl —> C=O
Sulfhydryl —-> -SH
Carboxyl —–> -COOH
Methyl —-> -OH^3
Amino —–> -NH2
Describe overall structure of ATP and Function?
ATP consists of an organic molecule adenine attached to a ribosome sugar and three phosphate groups
They store the potential to react to water in which releases energy that can be used by the cell
What is dehydration synthesis?
Removes a water molecule forming a new polymer
What is hydrolysis synthesis?
adding a water molecule that results to breaking a bond
Four classes of macromolecules. Monomer for each and function?
Protein: amino acid –> structure, transport, catalyzing reaction
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides –> stores and releases energy
Lipids: fatty acid –> stores fat and energy
Nucleic acid: nucleotides –> stores and transmit genetic information
Difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats: solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature
What are the levels to a protein structure? type of bond and stabilizer?
Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids –> peptide bonds
Secondary Structure: folds in polypeptide chain –> hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure: interactions amongst side chains (R groups) –> hydrophobic interactions/ hydrogen bonds
Quaternary Structure: multiple polypeptide chains –> hydrogen bonds/ hydrophobic
The two types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
The Central Dogma
How we receive genetic information. DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins at the rival zone.
Octet Rule
The outer shell requires eight electrons in order to be stabilized
Van Der Waals Interactions
weak attraction between non polar molecules or atoms
Monomers are formed through….
dehydration
pH below 7 is considered…..and has an excess of….
acidic; hydrogen ions (H+)
Types of polymers?
Cellulose
Starch
Dna
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak chemical bond that is formed when slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a polar covalent bond within one molecule are attracted to a slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond within another molecule
Cation
positively charged ions
compound
two or more different electrons
isotopes
same protons and different electrons
Hydroxyl groups are….
one hydrogen and one oxygen
Isomers
compounds with same molecular formula BUT different structure
Disaccharides
two monosaccharides that form/combined to create disaccharide (sugar)
ex. glucose + fructose = sucrose
