exam #1 Flashcards
the extent to which a measurement accurately assesses what it claims to measure (accuracy)
validity
earliest sense to develop (2 months gestation)
touch
independence, self-expression
individualistic values
- a normal pregnancy can range from __-__ weeks
- infants born before __ weeks are considered premature
- 37-41 weeks ; 37
people around the child respond to what the child is doing (ex: drawing)
evocative genotype > environmental effects
- extra or missing sex chromosome
- often linked to parents’ age
(ex: down syndrome - trisomy-21)
sex chromosome disorders
where does emerging adulthood exist?
primarily in developed countries
new life stage in developed countries, lasting from the late teens through the mid-twenties, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work
emerging adulthood
treatments for low birth weight
- infant massage
- kangaroo hold
anything that can be harmful to the developing organism
(caffeine, raw food, smoking, alcohol, medications, lead)
teratogens
written questions where participants typically select among answers chosen by the researcher
questionnaire
the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology
culture
on average, neonates sleep for __-__ hours per day (3-4 hours at a time)
16-17 hours
involves analyzing family history and genotypes of prospective parents to identify possible risks
genetic counseling
the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy
sensation
- feelings of frustration, sadness, distress, loss
- deeply stigmatized in collectivist cultures
- women are usually blamed
infertility
toddlerhood
12-36 months (1-3 years)
muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
mesoderm
infertility can either __ or __ a couple’s relationship
strain or strengthen
if one variable increases, the other also increases (↑↑)
positive correlation
types of research measurements
- questionnaires
- interviews
- observations (naturalistic or structured)
- biological
what are two examples of measures of brain activity?
EEG, fMRI
spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers
interview
emerging adulthood
19-25 years
neonates spend more time in ___ sleep than adults (probably promotes development)
REM
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s amniotic fluid & sweet tastes
- food preferences
taste
involuntary movement in response to touch, light, sound, or other stimulation
(some are survival mechanisms)
reflexes
organs
endoderm
why is it difficult to study teratogens?
- correlational research
- multiple risk model
- dose-response relation
- individual differences
- sleeper effects
- sensitive period
causes of low birth weight
- malnutrition
- teratogens
- poor prenatal care
- preterm birth
stages of birth process
1) labor
2) delivery
3) expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
use of sound waves to obtain a representation of the fetus
ultrasound
putting yourself in a certain environment
active genotype > environmental effects
how is the sex of a child determined?
by sperm
- each sperm cell carries an X or Y chromosome, all eggs contain an X chromosome)
eggs carry a __ chromosome
X
contractions continue
expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
female sex chromosomes
XX
procedure of injecting sperm directly into the uterus
artificial insemination
measured in weeks, from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle to the current date
gestational age
conception to birth
prenatal development
fertility treatment involving use of drugs to stimulate growth of follicles in the ovaries, removing them & combining them with sperm, then transferring the most promising zygotes to the uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
interaction of multiple genes (creativity, height, intelligence, depression, etc.)
polygenic inheritance
skin
ectoderm
what neonate weight is considered low birth weight?
less than 5.8 pounds
- contractions increase in duration, frequency, and intensity
- cervix dilates
labor
every aspect of the individual and the surroundings other than the genes
environment
scientific method steps
1) identify a research question
2) propose a hypothesis
3) choose a research design & measurement
4) collect data
5) draw conclusions
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way
variables
taking a sample of hair-like projections (villi) from placenta, which contains fetal cells
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- failure to progress (labor takes too long) - oxytocin (pitocin)
- breech presentation
birth complications
monitors brain activity when a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen in the brain in response to stimulation
fMRI
amniocentesis & CVS mostly done for…
people age 35+ or those with history of genetic disorders/diseases in family
if one variable increases, the other decreases (↑↓)
negative correlation
cells, chromosomes, DNA, genes
genetics basics
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s voice and language
- enjoy music: begins prenatally
- sound localization is poor at birth
hearing
sperm carries a __ chromosome
X or Y - determines sex of child
the extent to which a measurement generates consistent results (consistency)
reliability
three stages of prenatal development
- germinal (0-14 days)
- embryonic (2-8 weeks)
- fetal (8 weeks-birth)
- the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated”
- ex: is there a correlation between sleep and grades?
- correlation does not equal causation
- positive correlation (↑↑)
- negative correlation (↑↓)
correlational experiment
organs & systems formed in embryonic stage
- endoderm: organs
- mesoderm: muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
- ectoderm: skin
present two stimuli and measure where infant is looking
preferential looking to measure visual acuity
the way individuals grow and change until adulthood
child development
obedience, group harmony
collectivistic values
characteristics shared by people growing up in a specific social or historical context
cohort effect
- mother pushes, baby crowns and exits birth canal
delivery
studying people in a specific social or historical context (quick, easy, cheap)
cross-sectional study
male sex chromosomes
XY
first two weeks of prenatal development
germinal stage
parents provide both genes & environment (ex: playing soccer)
passive-genotype > environmental effects
treatment options for infertility
- artificial insemination
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
the study of how genetic activity responds to environmental influences
epigenetics
the observable expression of the genotype
phenotype (physical appearance)
what is the rate of low birth weight?
- 8% US
- 15% worldwide
early childhood
3-6 years
latest sense to develop
vision
- fetal growth in size
- organs begin to function
quickening: fetal movements felt - not as susceptible to teratogens
- the fetal experience and learning
fetal stage
includes measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity
biological measures
collecting quantitative data by observing a given phenomenon
structured observation
adolescence
10-18 years
types of research designs
- natural experiment
- ethnographic
- case study
- correlational research**
- experimental research**
occurs naturally but provides interesting scientific information to the observer
naturalistic observation
assessed 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
- appearance
- pulse
- grimace
- activity
- respiration
APGAR scale (0-2 points)
theory that genes influence the environment that we experience
theory of genotype-environment effects
amniotic fluid is withdrawn via a syringe; cells are examined for genetic disorders
amniocentesis
- protection from physical and psychological harm
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- deception and debriefing
ethical guidelines
monitoring the growth and health of the embryo/fetus; detect prenatal problems
prenatal testing
studying the same group of people over a period of time (expensive, easy to lose participants)
longitudinal study
genetics vs how you grow up
nature vs nurture
both 100% role in development
- involves comparing an experimental group to a control group
- independent variable is manipulated
- dependent variable is measured
experimental research
- formation of body organs and systems
- support system (amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord)
- beginning of brain development
- nervous system begins functioning during 6th week
- very susceptible to teratogens
embryonic stage
middle childhood
6-9 years
measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
- allows researchers to measure overall activity & activation of specific parts
EEG
infancy
birth-12 months
set of genetic traits a person inherits
genotype (genetic makeup)
the interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving our sense organs and brain
perception
