exam #1 Flashcards
independence, self-expression
individualistic values
obedience, group harmony
collectivistic values
new life stage in developed countries, lasting from the late teens through the mid-twenties, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work
emerging adulthood
where does emerging adulthood exist?
primarily in developed countries
written questions where participants typically select among answers chosen by the researcher
questionnaire
spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers
interview
occurs naturally but provides interesting scientific information to the observer
naturalistic observation
collecting quantitative data by observing a given phenomenon
structured observation
includes measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity
biological measures
what are two examples of measures of brain activity?
EEG, fMRI
male sex chromosomes
XY
female sex chromosomes
XX
how is the sex of a child determined?
by sperm
- each sperm cell carries an X or Y chromosome, all eggs contain an X chromosome)
sperm carries a __ chromosome
X or Y - determines sex of child
eggs carry a __ chromosome
X
the study of how genetic activity responds to environmental influences
epigenetics
measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
- allows researchers to measure overall activity & activation of specific parts
EEG
monitors btain activity when a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen in the brain in response to stimulation
fMRI
treatment options for infertility
- artificial insemination
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
procedure of injecting sperm directly into the uterus
artificial insemination
fertility treatment involving use of drugs to stimulare growth of follicles in the ovaries, removing them & combining them with sperm, then transferring the most promising zygotes to the uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
what neonate weight is considered low birth weight?
less than 5.8 pounds
what is the rate of low birth weight?
- 8% US
- 15% worldwide
causes of low birth weight
- malnutrition
- teratogens
- poor prenatal care
- preterm birth
anything that can be harmful to the developing organism
(caffeine, raw food, smoking, alcohol, medications, lead)
teratogens
treatments for low birth weight
- infant massage
- kangaroo hold
the way individuals grow and change until adulthood
child development
prenatal development
conception to birth
infancy
birth-12 months
toddlerhood
12-36 months (1-3 years)
early childhood
3-6 years
middle childhood
6-9 years
adolescence
10-18 years
emerging adulthood
19-25 years
genetics vs how you grow up
nature vs nurture
both 100% role in development
the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology
culture
scientific method steps
1) identify a research question
2) propose a hypothesis
3) choose a research design & measurement
4) collect data
5) draw conclusions
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way
variables
types of research measurements
- questionnaires
- interviews
- observations (naturalistic or structured)
- biological
the extent to which a measurement generates consistent results (consistency)
reliability
the extent to which a measurement accurately assesses what it claims to measure (accuracy)
validity
types of research designs
- natural experiment
- ethnographic
- case study
- correlational research**
- experimental research**
- the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated”
- ex: is there a correlation between sleep and grades?
- correlation does not equal causation
- positive correlation (↑↑)
- negative correlation (↑↓)
correlational experiment
if one variable increases, the other also increases (↑↑)
positive correlation
if one variable increases, the other decreases (↑↓)
negative correlation
- involves comparing an experimental group to a control group
- independent variable is manipulated
- dependent variable is measured
experimental research
characteristics shared by people growing up in a specific social or historical context
cohort effect
studying the same group of people over a period of time (expensive, easy to lose participants)
longitudinal study
studying people in a specific social or historical context (quick, easy, cheap)
cross-sectional study
- protection from physical and psychological harm
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- deception and debriefing
ethical guidelines
genetics basics
cells, chromosomes, DNA, genes
set of genetic traits a person inherits
genotype (genetic makeup)
the observable expression of the genotype
phenotype (physical appearance)
every aspect of the individual and the surroundings other than the genes
environment
interaction of multiple genes (creativity, height, intelligence, depression, etc.)
polygenic inheritance
theory that genes influence the environment that we experience
theory of genotype-environment effects
parents provide both genes & environment (ex: playing soccer)
passive-genotype»_space; environmental effects
people around the child respond to what the child is doing (ex: drawing)
evocative genotype»_space; environmental effects
putting yourself in a certain environment
active genotype»_space; environmental effects
measured in weeks, from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle to the current date
gestational age
- a normal pregnancy can range from __-__ weeks
- infants born before __ weeks are considered premature
- 37-41 weeks ; 37
three stages of prenatal development
- germinal (0-14 days)
- embryonic (2-8 weeks)
- fetal (8 weeks-birth)
first two weeks of prenatal development
germinal stage
- formation of body organs and systems
- support system (amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord)
- beginning of brain development
- nervous system begins functioning during 6th week
- very susceptible to teratogens
embryonic stage
organs & systems formed in embryonic stage
- endoderm: organs
- mesoderm: muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
- ectoderm: skin
organs
endoderm
muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
mesoderm
skin
ectoderm
- fetal growth in size
- organs begin to function
quickening: fetal movements felt - not as susceptible to teratogens
- the fetal experience and learning
fetal stage
why is it difficult to study teratogens?
- correlational research
- multiple risk model
- dose-response relation
- individual differences
- sleeper effects
- sensitive period
- extra or missing sex chromosome
- often linked to parents’ age
(ex: down syndrome - trisomy-21)
sex chromosome disorders
monitoring the growth and health of the embryo/fetus; detect prenatal problems
prenatal testing
use of sound waves to obtain a representation of the fetus
ultrasound
amniotic fluid is withdrawn via a syringe; cells are examined for genetic disorders
amniocentesis
taking a sample of hair-like projections (villi) from placenta, which contains fetal cells
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
amniocentesis & CVS mostly done for…
people age 35+ or those with history of genetic disorders/diseases in family
involves analyzing family history and genotypes of prospective parents to identify possible risks
genetic counseling
infertility can either __ or __ a couple’s relationship
strain or strengthen
- feelings of frustration, sadness, distress, loss
- deeply stigmatized in collectivist cultures
- women are usually blamed
infertility
stages of birth process
1) labor
2) delivery
3) expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
- contractions increase in duration, frequency, and intensity
- cervix dilates
labor
- mother pushes, baby crowns and exits birth canal
delivery
contractions continue
expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
- failure to progress (labor takes too long) - oxytocin (pitocin)
- breech presentation
birth complications
assessed 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
- appearance
- pulse
- grimace
- activity
- respiration
APGAR scale (0-2 points)
on average, neonates sleep for __-__ hours per day (3-4 hours at a time)
16-17 hours
neonates spend more time in ___ sleep than adults (probably promotes development)
REM
involuntary movement in response to touch, light, sound, or other stimulation
(some are survival mechanisms)
reflexes
earliest sense to develop (2 months gestation)
touch
the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy
sensation
the interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving our sense organs and brain
perception
present two stimuli and measure where infant is looking
preferential looking to measure visual acuity
latest sense to develop
vision
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s voice and language
- enjoy music: begins prenatally
- sound localization is poor at birth
hearing
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s amniotic fluid & sweet tastes
- food preferences
taste
