Exam 1 Flashcards
Anabolic Reaction
Metabolic reaction that builds up things.
Spontaneous Reaction
Releases energy available to do work
Activation Energy
Required investment of energy for both spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions to proceed
Kinetic Energy
Energy of Motion
Competitive inhibition
Blocks enzyme activity by binding to the active site
Potential energy
Stored energy (one of the two broadest classes of energy)
ATP
Point of use energy source. Directly powers reactions in cells
Allosteric Inhibitor
Turns off an enzyme. Does not bind to active site
Non-spontaneous Reaction
Reaction that requires an input of energy
Enzyme
A biological catalyst. Usually a protein
1st Law of Termodynamics
Energy is never created or destroyed
Entropy
The increasing amount of disorder
Active Site
Substrate binding site of an enzyme
Catabolic Reaction
Metabolic reactions that break things down
Evaporation
A cooling process
Cohesion
How much a substance sticks to itself
Adhesion
How much a substance sticks to a different substance
Isomer
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical shapes
Isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Hydrogen Bond
A misnomer- attraction between the positive charge of a H atom in a molecule and the negative charge of an atom like O, N, or F in a molecule
Soap
An everyday compound that dissolves in water and reduces the surface tension of water
Ionic Bond
One atom gives up an electron and the other atom takes an electron
baking soda
a buffer commonly found in the kitchen
H2O
Molecule whose liquid form is more dense than its solid form
Atomic Mass
Approximately the sum of protons and neutrons in the atoms of an element
Electronegativity
How strongly a functional group or the nucleus of an atom attracts electrons
Radiation emitted by C-14 decomposition
Beta radiation
Chitin
Molecule made by crustaceans- contains nitrogen and beta glycosidic linkages
Atomic Number
The number of protons an atom of an element has
Polar covalent bond
Two atoms sharing electrons unequally
Base
Releases -OH to a solution or absorbs protons from the solution
Flourine
Most electronegative atom
Non-polar Covalent bond
Two atoms sharing electrons equally or close to equally
Acid
Release protons to a solution or absorbs -OH from the solution
Enantiomer
Left and right handed versions of a molecule
Cellulose
Molecule made by plants- contains beta glycosidic linkages
Radiometric dating
Using the rate of decay of unstable isotopes to determine how long ago something died. After death the abundance of radioisotopes gors DOWN.
Glycogen
Energy storage molecule made by animals that contains alpha glycosidic linkages
Buffer
A compound that prevents a rapid change in pH
Beta radiation
An electron jettisoned from the nucleus when a proton decomposes.
Binds to intermediate filaments inside the cell
Desmosome
Desmosome
Connection between two cells using cadherins proteins
Integrin proteins
Connect cells to the basal laminate outside the cell and to microfilaments inside the cell
Actin filament
another name for a microfilament
Binds to actin filaments inside the cell
Adherins Junction
Hemidesmosomes
Connect cells to the basal lamina outside the cell and intermediate filaments inside the cell
Carbohydrate
Made up of sugar monomers
Peptide Bond
A kind of covalent bond found in proteins
Nucleic acid that contains a 2’ OH
RNA
Unsaturated Fat
Has at least one C=C in a fatty acid
Hypotonic solution
Solute more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell
Phosphodiester Bond
A kind of covalent bond found in DNA or RNA
Citric Acid Cycle
Only happens inside the mitochondria
Condenses into chromatin in the nucleus of the cell
DNA
Glycolysis
Happens in the cytoplasm
Isotonic solution
Same concentration of solute inside and outside the cell
Breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
glycolysis
Biomolecule that contains N and P
DNA or RNA
Breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and makes the electron shuttle NADH and FADH2
Citric Acid Cycle
Turgid
Plant cells in a hypotonic solution
Quaternary Protein Structure
Two or more proteins chains attached to each other (e.g> hemoglobin in red blood cells)
