Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the socio-spatial dialectic in urban geography?
A two-way process in which people create and modify urban spaces while being conditioned by the spaces in which they live and work.
Define ‘dialectic’ in the context of urban geography.
The dynamic between thesis and antithesis that creates a new synthesis.
What does ‘Thirdspace’ refer to according to Ed Soja?
The synthesis of real and imagined spaces.
What are the key approaches in Human Geography?
- Quantitative
- Behavioral
- Structural
- Post-Structural
What is ‘splintering urbanism’?
Abrupt, intensified inequalities in urban areas arising from technology.
Differentiate between de jure and de facto segregation.
- De jure segregation: results from intentional government action
- De facto segregation: results from private practices, not from law or government policy
What is redlining?
Refusal to lend in high-risk areas based on the presence of social groups.
Define ‘ghetto’ in an urban context.
A geographical concentration of social groups that implies involuntary segregation.
What does the 5th amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibit?
Unfair treatment.
What landmark case ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
What is ‘metropolitan fragmentation’?
The suburban exploitation thesis that describes how urban areas become fragmented.
What are ‘parapolitical structures’?
Informal groups that serve as mediating agencies between individual households and institutions.
What is the purpose of community power structures?
To influence local governance and community decisions.
List the phases of urban governance.
- Virtual nongovernment (1800-1850)
- Municipal socialism (1850-1910)
- Welfare expansion (1910-1940)
- Large bureaucracies (1940-1975)
- Neoliberalism (after 1975)
What does David Harvey suggest for social justice in urban contexts?
- Create organizations to minimize exploitation
- Confront marginalization
- Provide access to political power
- Be sensitive to cultural imperialism
- Seek inclusive, peaceful forms of social control
- Recognize ecological consequences
What was the impact of WWII on housing for African Americans in Richmond, California?
Increased demand for workers led to public housing that was segregated and of unequal quality.
Define ‘blockbusting’.
A real estate practice of manipulating racial fear to tip an area from white to Black.
What was the primary goal of public housing programs during the New Deal?
To alleviate housing shortages for working and middle-class families.
What was the effect of the 1949 Housing Act?
Provided for more housing post-WWII but integration amendments were defeated.
What are the two types of closure described by Frank Parkins?
- Social/exclusionary closure
- Assimilation
What does the index of dissimilarity measure?
Segregation between two groups, ranging from 0 (no segregation) to 100 (complete segregation).
What is ‘congregation’ in the context of residential patterns?
Residential clustering of a minority group through choice.
What were Jim Crow laws?
State and local laws in the Southern U.S. that enforced racial segregation.
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Buchanan v. Warley?
Declared racial zoning unconstitutional as practiced in Louisville, Kentucky.
What are some tactics used to prevent integration in urban areas?
- Mob violence
- Sundown towns
- Banning interracial marriage
- Local zoning regulations
What is the environmental justice issue related to racial zoning?
Toxic waste facilities are often sited near African American neighborhoods.
