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Bio 114 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Study guide

1
Q

What are the two types of cells based on hormone receptors?

A

Target cells (with receptors) and non-target cells (no receptors)

Target cells respond to specific hormones due to the presence of receptors, while non-target cells do not respond.

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2
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

Local signaling; secretions act on neighboring cells

This type of communication is crucial for local cellular interactions.

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3
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Hormones released into the bloodstream to reach distant targets

This allows for widespread and systemic regulation of physiological processes.

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4
Q

What is neural communication?

A

Neurotransmitters travel across synapses to adjacent neurons or muscle cells

This form of communication is rapid and specific.

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5
Q

Name the major parts of the endocrine system.

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal Gland
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Posterior Pituitary
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testes

Each part has distinct roles in hormone production and regulation.

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6
Q

What are the types of hormones?

A
  • Amino Acid Derivatives
  • Polypeptides
  • Lipid Derivatives
  • Eicosanoids
  • Steroids

Each type has different structures and functions in the body.

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7
Q

How do water-soluble hormones act?

A

Bind to membrane receptors → trigger second messenger pathways (e.g., cAMP)

This mechanism allows for rapid cellular responses.

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8
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones act?

A

Enter the cell → bind intracellular/nuclear receptors → alter gene transcription

This mechanism typically leads to longer-lasting effects on cellular function.

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9
Q

What is a synergistic hormone interaction?

A

Hormones amplify each other’s effects (e.g., FSH and testosterone on spermatogenesis)

This interaction enhances physiological responses.

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10
Q

What is negative feedback in hormone regulation?

A

Hormone release diminishes its own production (e.g., T3/T4 feedback on TSH)

This mechanism helps maintain homeostasis.

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11
Q

What is the hypophyseal/pituitary axis?

A

Includes the portal system, infundibulum, and sella turcica

This structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

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12
Q

List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.

A
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • LH

Each hormone has specific target organs and effects.

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13
Q

What is the function of ADH (Vasopressin)?

A

Water reabsorption in kidneys, increases blood volume/pressure

This hormone plays a crucial role in fluid balance.

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14
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Raises blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown, increasing renal Ca²⁺ reabsorption, activating vitamin D

PTH is essential for calcium homeostasis.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Alpha cells: Glucagon (raises blood glucose)
  • Beta cells: Insulin (lowers blood glucose)
  • Delta cells: Somatostatin (inhibits insulin & glucagon release)

These cells regulate glucose metabolism.

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16
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A
  • Transportation
  • Defense
  • Maintenance of homeostasis

Blood plays a vital role in sustaining life.

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17
Q

What are the basic components of plasma?

A
  • Water
  • Proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
  • Electrolytes

Plasma is the liquid component of blood.

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18
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Platelets

These elements are crucial for oxygen transport, immune response, and clotting.

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19
Q

What is the life cycle of erythrocytes?

A

Production in red bone marrow, destruction in spleen/liver, lifespan ~120 days

This cycle is essential for maintaining healthy blood levels.

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20
Q

What is hemoglobin’s role in oxygen binding?

A

Each hemoglobin molecule has 4 heme groups, each with an iron that binds O₂

This structure is critical for oxygen transport in the blood.

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21
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin → RBCs deform (“sickle” shape)

This condition can lead to various health complications.

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22
Q

What is the sequence of reactions in hemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation

This sequence is vital for stopping bleeding.

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23
Q

What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?

A
  • Arteries: Thicker walls, more elastic
  • Veins: Thinner walls, valves present

These differences reflect their distinct functions in the circulatory system.

24
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel’s wall?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia

Each layer has specific roles in vessel function and structure.

25
What is the role of valves in veins?
Prevent backflow of blood ## Footnote Valves are crucial for maintaining unidirectional blood flow.
26
What are the types of capillaries?
* Continuous * Fenestrated * Sinusoidal ## Footnote Each type is adapted for specific functions in different tissues.
27
What is the function of the renin-angiotensin system?
Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance ## Footnote This system is a key component of the body's response to low blood pressure.
28
What is the role of ropoietin (EPO)?
RBC production ## Footnote EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
29
What does thrombopoietin influence?
Platelet production ## Footnote Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes.
30
Which cytokines influence WBC production?
* IL-1 * IL-2 * IL-3 ## Footnote These interleukins play significant roles in the differentiation and proliferation of white blood cells.
31
How many heme groups does each hemoglobin molecule have?
4 heme groups ## Footnote Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds oxygen.
32
What is sickle cell anemia?
Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin → RBCs deform (“sickle” shape) ## Footnote This condition leads to various health complications due to the shape of red blood cells.
33
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
* Vascular Spasm * Platelet Plug * Coagulation ## Footnote These stages work together to stop bleeding following vascular injury.
34
What is fibrinolysis?
Plasmin digests fibrin → dissolves clot ## Footnote Fibrinolysis is a process that removes blood clots after they have served their purpose.
35
What are the blood types in the ABO system?
* A * B * AB * O ## Footnote These blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
36
What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood typing?
Rh+ or Rh–; important in transfusions and pregnancy ## Footnote The Rh factor can lead to complications if mismatched during transfusions or in Rh-incompatible pregnancies.
37
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?
Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body ## Footnote This pathway describes the route blood takes as it is pumped through the heart to the rest of the body.
38
What are the two types of heart valves?
* Atrioventricular (AV) Valves * Semilunar Valves ## Footnote AV valves include the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves, while semilunar valves include the pulmonary and aortic valves.
39
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
* Visceral Pericardium * Parietal Pericardium ## Footnote These layers enclose the pericardial cavity and protect the heart.
40
What is the role of the interventricular septum?
Separates ventricles ## Footnote This structure prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
41
What initiates the cardiac action potential?
Pacemaker Cells (SA node) ## Footnote The sinoatrial node (SA node) serves as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
42
What occurs during Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential?
Ca²⁺ influx (plateau) ## Footnote This phase is crucial for maintaining the contraction of cardiac muscle cells.
43
What does the P Wave in an ECG represent?
Atrial depolarization ## Footnote The P Wave reflects the electrical activity associated with atrial contraction.
44
What is cardiac output (CO) calculated as?
CO = HR × SV ## Footnote Cardiac output is a measure of the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.
45
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
* Tunica Intima * Tunica Media * Tunica Externa (Adventitia) ## Footnote These layers provide structure and function to the blood vessels.
46
What is the primary role of arterioles?
Regulate flow into capillaries ## Footnote Arterioles are the smallest arteries and play a critical role in controlling blood flow.
47
What type of capillaries have large gaps?
Sinusoidal capillaries ## Footnote These capillaries are found in organs like the liver and spleen, allowing for the passage of larger molecules.
48
What is systolic blood pressure?
Peak pressure during ventricular contraction ## Footnote It is the higher number recorded when measuring blood pressure.
49
What does the term 'pulse pressure' refer to?
Systolic – Diastolic ## Footnote Pulse pressure indicates the force that the heart generates each time it contracts.
50
What are the two main types of shock?
* Circulatory (Hypovolemic) * Cardiogenic ## Footnote These types of shock are characterized by inadequate blood flow to meet the body's needs.
51
What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System do?
Increases BP via vasoconstriction and fluid retention ## Footnote This hormonal system plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
52
List three major arteries.
* Aorta * Carotid * Subclavian ## Footnote These arteries are crucial for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
53
What are the jugular veins responsible for?
Draining blood from the head and neck ## Footnote Jugular veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper body.
54
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a pressure reservoir in the circulatory system.
[Elastic Arteries] ## Footnote Elastic arteries, such as the aorta, can stretch to accommodate blood flow during heartbeats.
55
True or False: Veins have thicker walls than arteries.
False ## Footnote Arteries have thicker walls to withstand higher pressure, while veins have thinner walls.

Bio 114 (1 decks)

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