Exam 1 Flashcards
Late colonial era to 1953, how did this transition happen? Focus on concepts, ex; division
colonial korea
late 1800s, japan moves in during their expansion. used for raw materials. initially a multi-ethnic empire but gradually shifts to uniformity, pushes subjects to bow to the emperor, take japanese names, speak the language.
imperial japan
colonizing power in korea, move in during thier empire expansion in the late 1800s.
parts of j colonial rule and governor general of chosen
military (1910-19, overt oppression)
cultural politics (1920-31, after the march 1st movement, subtle control)
wartime mobilization (1931-45, manchirian incident and wwii conscription)
GGK = imperial/colonial administrator in korea, a j official whos basically ruling over them from 1910-45. rule by decree
march 1st movement (1919)
korean nationalist protest for independence and against j, super important national holiday now
yomiuri project
japanese journalists in 2005 reexamine the results of wwii and outcome of the tokyo trials. come to the same conclusion as the tokyo trials did, that the emperor’s cabinet did the evil but not the emperor himself. asking who is responsible for the war
the individuals who did evil shit are dead, so everything’s fine now
economic policy in colonial korea
UNDERDEVELOPMENT policy creating raw materials for export.
commercial interests in mining, forests, fishing, construction, and rice.
name change order (1940)
issued by the GGK, says that koreans may change their names to japanese. earlier, koreans were not allowed to take on japanese names. trying to present a homogenous japanese empire
special volunteers to conscription (1938-44)
starting in 1938, koreans had the option to volunteer for jap army or navy and it was seen a a big honor. in 1944 that was changed to general conscription
yasukuni shrine controversy
the shrine commemorated japanese war veterans, but the forcefully conscripted (taiwanese, chinese, korean) are also listed.
the shrine honors war criminals who comitted atrocities during wwii and keeps resurfacing as a controversial thing
post-wwii problems
agricultural economy and landlords
disputes over korean leadership
korean diaspora, matter of refugees and returnees
physical infrastructure
tokyo trials
1946-48, trying to hold japan accountable for war crimes, crimes against humanity, knowingly doing insane harm. emperor hirohito is found not at fault for the actions of the military higher-ups. have been reexamined over and over again.
bilateral agreement that japan’s individuals were responsible, but nothing of collective responsibility or reparations – money came to korea, sure, but at the benefit of japan
shinmin and kokumin
why have new voices emerged post-cold war?
people who could not talk/were forced to keep silent can come forward bc those in charge are now dead
opportunity to hear their voices now that iron curtain is down
wider accessibility/platform to be heard on
silences (4) **
affability
reconciliation
suubstitution
absence
operations of memory (3) **
terrains (official, vernacular, personal)
vectors
chrono-politics
chrysanthemum taboo
can’t talk shit about the japanese emperor
hodge vs. chistiakov
hodge is the USA general, very in-your-face ‘we are taking over’, says you better not fight or else korea will be destroyed and needless death will occur
chistiakov is the Soviet general, less in-your-face and says they won’t force their communist ideals onto you
kim ku and his wish
korean politician and nationalist, ran the provisional government in shanghai until 1945, leader of korean independence movement against japan.
wish: a unified completely independent korean nation with no trustees, and an ideology that will promote peace, happiness, and prosperity for all citizens.
KCP
korean communist party, revived after wwii that campaigned for a total violent jap overthrow and ‘korea for koreans’
advocate for minimum wwage, labor reforms and limits, unemployment and social security relief, and one single progressive income tax.
agnes kim
white woman who married a korean and moved to korea with him after wwii. notes a general resentment for america sending korean broken ‘aid’ and highlighting the refugree problem with displaced from NK
kapitan lee
short story about a korean doctor who serves the wealthy japanese, when the war ends he is accused of being pro-japanese and winds up in a soviet jail, where he saves a sick soviet bigshot and eventually is released with plans to go to the USA
syngman rhee
SK politician who was SK’s first president from 48 to 60. korean nationalist who moved to the USA as a spokesperson for korean independence, and was favored by USA because they knew him best. has a police following and goes autocratic, is eventually exiled in Hawaii
1948 SK elections
held in south korea. would elect government officials to legislate the national assembly, which creates SK’s constitution and government.
protests against the vote because it would further divide the N and S and prevent future unification efforts
brazinsky’s arguments
USA continued to prop up Rhee even when they knew he was corrupt because he was familiar to them.
they were anti-communist, Rhee was anti-communist, and so maintaining USA’s containment strategy was more important than dealing with the autocrat.
cairo conference (1943)
allies pledge to continue war against japan and push jap out of all the territories it conquered, including korea
established korean trusteeship, they will gain thier independence “in due course”
yalta conference (1945)
allies meet to discuss the postwar reorganization of germany and europe. brings the soviets into the pacific, which is how they end up with north korea.
korean people’s committees
local committee-governments that appeared throughout k after wwii. pro-soviet, ideologically communist, oversaw the transition from soviet occupation to the DPRK.
groups in the south were wiped out by USA forces because they were pro-communist. dissolved by USMGIK
demilitarized zone
established in the armistice agreement between N and S korea, concluding korean war. it’s 400 m, dividing into N and S, crosses 38th p on an angle, and is supposed to be a buffer zone to prevent another conflict from breaking out. the borders are so insanely militarized.
soviet civil administration
government of north korea from 1945-48, working with people’s committees with the goal of actively constructing legal and cultural institutions
koreans take administrative positions, working with vs. domineering
USMGIK
USA military government in Korea. not a good time. military dictatorship basically, the ruling body of south korea from 1945-48.
lots of turmoil under USMGIK, there’s many hurdles for them to overcome but lots of mass killings occur because they’re wiping out the KPCs.
grandmother’s flower
rightists vs. leftists
left – communists
right – conservatism
long-standing issues between these groups of people. mass killings sponsored by both. SK is right, NK is left, so much conflict.
DPRK
NK government.
ROK
SK government.
tasks for USA soldiers under USMGIK (7)
repatriate jap troops and koreans in japan
set up agricultural system
deal with food shortages, food = democracy
education reform
police force development
nursing, innoculation, public health
modernizing infrastructure
korean armistice agreement
july 1953, formally ends war in korea. NS are separate, super long negotiations.
suspends open hostilities
withdraws military forces and created the DMZ
cannot cross into the others’ terriroty
release and repatriation of POW and the displaces
estamblished the Military Armistice Commussion to ensure adherence to terms
NOT A PERMANENT PEACE TREATY
nobody can cross over the DMZ anymore, and it will reamin in effect until superceeded by mutually acceptably amendments… so no change unless both sides agree.
korean war (1950-53)
conflict between N and S korea. unclear who started it first. super violent, seen as the forgotten war since it’s so close to the end of wwii and the start of vietnam.
part 1: war for the south in 1950 summer
part 2: war for the north in 1950 fall/winter
part 3: chinese intervention with 2 years of trench warfare in the DMZ.
brutality on both sides, no military victory was possible.
chin-il discourse
aka; pro-j collaboration. it’s a political issue in SK that emerges in the 1980s, belief that the pure korean state shouldn’t be tainted by collaboration.
Emerges as a part of democratization and decolonization
USA re-hired pro-j collaborators and resurrected the colonial bureaucracy.
korean cultural cold war (1945-50)
N and S creates a preferential historical narrative and promotes thier own government structures. use subtle political measures to win the hearts and minds of the occupied and the other side.
proliferation of propaganda, emergence of Fulbright program, CIA, Office of Civil Info, US Info Services
USIS
US Info Services in korea. production units for films, exhibits, radio, publications, any pop culture thing that can appeal to the occupied and present the ‘American war of life’
films are very important and influential at this time
jeju island (spring 1948 - spring 1949)
SK state violence against civilians. Island is decimated and many flee to japan. inhabitants protest the elections because they thought it would entrench division of the country, and they fight back against the police meant to silence them by force. Rhee launches an ‘eradication campaign’ and kills so many people, sympathizers are later killed during the korean war.
yeosu-suncheon (october 1948)
SK state-sponsored violence. military there refuses to go to Jeju and fights back against the government/Rhee’s handling of the uprising.
national security law NSL (1948)
for the sake of national security, your human rights given by the SK constitution can be suspended in favor of the state’s survival.
allows government crackdown on suspected communist individuals, state-lead violence
national guidance alliance (1949)
if you promise to renounce communism, gov’t said you’d be forgiven – just put your name on a list and we’ll wipe the slate clean
list is then used to round people up regardless of whether or not they are communist and they are all killed. SK state-sponsored violence.
