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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Six major elements of living matter

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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2
Q

Atom

A

Building block of all matter

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3
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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4
Q

Mass number

A

Number of neutrons + protons

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5
Q

Ion

A

Charged atom

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of element that differ in neutron number

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7
Q

Electronegativity

A

Atoms tendency to attract electrons
(Oxygen and nitrogen most)

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8
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms
- less then 0.5 electronegativity difference

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9
Q

Polar covalent

A

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

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10
Q

Ionic attraction

A

One atom gains while other loses electrons

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11
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Attraction between negative end of molecule and positive hydrogen end of another

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12
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Process of breaking chemical bonds and making new ones
(Must be difference in energy)

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13
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Molecule + water -> simplier molecules

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14
Q

Condensation

A

Molecule + molecule -> large molecule + water

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15
Q

Carbon

A
  • has 4 valence electrons so has strong tendency to make multiple covalent bonds
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16
Q

Functional groups

A
  • Carboxyl (amino/fatty acids)
  • Hydroxyl (carbs)
  • Amino (amino acids)
  • Phosphate (DNA)
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17
Q

Biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic acid: nucleotide
Lipids:not polymers

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18
Q

Acid

A

Release hydrogen ions

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19
Q

Base

A

Takes hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide

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20
Q

Water

A
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high heat of vaporization
    -hydrogen bond cause high cohesion(sticks to self)/adhesion(sticks to others)
  • polar covalent and hydrogen bonds
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21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving
- polar molecules

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22
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating
Nonpolar molecules

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

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24
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined

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25
Polysaccharides
Large polymer of many monosaccharides
26
Starch
Branched polymer of glucose that stores energy in plants
27
Glycogen
High branched polymer of glucose and energy storage in mammals
28
Cellulose
Linear polymer of glucose and makes up plant cell walls
29
Lipids
Are hydrophobic
30
Triglyceride (lipid)
Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids - energy storage
31
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate - partly hydrophobic/hydrophilic - cell membrane structure
32
Steroids (lipid)
No fatty acid chain -hormone synthesis
33
Saturated fat
Single bonds between carbon - high melting point
34
Unsaturated fat
Double bonds between carbon (more lose) - low melting point
35
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides are : sugar, base, and phosphate (Has 4 nucleotides) Phosphodiester bond Regulate dna synthesis/heredity info
36
Nucleic acid polymers
Oligonucleotide (<20 monomers) Polynucleotide
37
Pyrimidine (Nucleic acid)
Single ring structure - Cytosine, Uranine, Thymine - in RNA
38
Purine (Nucleic acids)
Double ring structure -in DNA - Atonsine, Guamine
39
Genome
Entire set of organisms dna
40
Genetic code
Specific set of rules that make DNA
41
Proteins
Made of amino acids Amino acids: nitrogen amino group/carboxyl group/ R group - 20 amino acids - peptide bonds
42
Protein level 1 primary structure
Monomers make polypeptides
43
Protein level 2 secondary structure
Repeated spatial patterns from hydrogen bonding -alpha helix: right handed coil - beta pleated sheet : 2+ sequence extended and aligned
44
Protein level 3 tertiary structure
Polypeptide chains folded into 3D shapes
45
Level 4 Quaternary structure
2+ polypeptides making large protein
46
Organism characteristics
- Composed of chemical parts - similar structure @ microscopic level - depend on interactions with parts to maintain living state - contain genetic info that uses universal code - converts molecules from environment into new molecules - extract energy from environment - replicate genetic info the same when reproducing - set of genes with structural similarities - evolve through gradual changes in genetic info
47
Earths origin
4.5-6 billion years ago
48
Life appeared
600 million years after the earth
49
Prokaryotes
Single celled organisms - used molecules from environment, break down, and use energy from chemical bonds
50
Photosynthesis
2.5 billion years ago -day of chemical reactions that transform sunlight into glucose
51
Aerobic metabolism
Release energy from molecules using oxygen
52
Anaerobic metabolism
Extracts energy without oxygen
53
Organelle
2.5 billion years after life - cells with membrane enclosed compartments
54
Order of biological organization
Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Body system Organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biosphere
55
Three domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
56
Four groups of eukaryotes
Plants Brown algae Fungi Animals
57
Model organism
Species studies with expectation that knowledge gained can be generalized to other organisms because of common ancestors - frog, mice, yeast
58
Evolution
Change in genetic makeup of biological populations
59
Comparative science
Compares between multiple group to identify pattern
60
Hypothesis based science
Forms specific testable hypothesis and then designs experiments to test validity
61
Controlled experiment
Changes favor to be tested -depend/independent variable
62
Hypothesis
Testable explanation for specific observation
63
Prediction
Specific statement about what is expected to happen
64
Theory
Explanation supported by large body of evidence
65
Positive feedback
Produce of systems speeds up an earlier process - destabilizes system
66
Negative feedback
product of system slows down an earlier process - stabilizes amount of product

FCC BIO (3 decks)

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