Exam 1 Flashcards
systematics
relationships between organisms
taxonomy
classification of organisms
KPCOFGS
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
what are the 6 major phyla(phyllum) of fungi?
chytridiomycota
blastocladiomycota
ascomycota
basidiomycota
glomeromycota
neocallumastigomycota
-Contain several genera of mycorrhizal fungi
-Form arbuscules that develop inside of the living root and provide nutrient transfer
-Aseptate hyphae
-Large spores
-Fruiting body called a sporocarp
Glomeromycota
-Aquatic fungi that have flagellate zoospores
-Occur in freshwater and mud
-Can be saprobic or parasitize aquatic arthropods
-Can be free swimming or form colonies called sporophytes: zoosporangia and meiosporangea
-Nuclear cap helps identify species in this phyllum
-Unique structures called rhizoids
Blastocladiomycota
-Aerobic zoosporic fungi that primarily live in aquatic environments but can also live in soil
-Can be saprobic and/or pathogenic
-Huge impact on amphibians
-Form thallus- multinucleate spheroidal bodies
Chytridiomycota
-Compromised of 20 anaerobic species that exist in the guts of herbivores
-Lack mitochondria
-Aid in plant cell wall degradation
-Might be inside of you…
Neocallimastigomycota
-A hot mess of 900 or more species
-The sporangiophores from this cause the white, fluffy growths on food
-Microsporidium- fungi but not
-Oomycetes will act like fungi and respond to fungicide but are not fungi
Zygomycota
Includes 30,000 species
-Saprobic, symbiotic, pathogenic, economic
-Yeasts, rusts, and smuts
-This and Ascomycota form what we traditionally think of as mushrooms
-Clamp connections
-Produce spores called basdiospores that are produced by basida cells
Basidiomycota
what are the two types of hyphae?
septate and coenocytic (aseptate)
multicellular formations
septate
multinucleate but shared cytoplasm
coenocytic
what kind of cells are fungi?
eukaryotic
what kind of pressure do fungi have within its cells? similar to plant cells.
turgor-hydrostatic pressure
a single filament of a fungus
-includes cell wall and all its contents.
hyphae
a mass of hyphae that make up the
vegetative body of a fungus
-often form “mats”.
mycelium
long chains of
carbohydrates that make up the cell
walls of fungi
-similar to insect exoskeletons
-strong and flexible
chitin
what parts of the fungi need to grow against gravity?
hyphae, fruiting bodies, rhizomorphs, conidiophores
______ continuously
grow, independently of
nuclear division.
due to this asynchronistic growth,
some septa can contain __________________.
hyphae, hundreds of nuclei
what aids in aerial growth in several parts of fungi?
unique proteins called
hydrophobins- hydrophobic proteins that reduce the surface
tension at the interface of hyphae and the surrounding area.
the above ground growth of fungi
-includes gills, cap, stalk, etc.
fruiting body
________, ______________, and the ___________ all play a role in the structure of hyphae.
cell wall, cytoplasm pressure, and the cytoskeleton
these fungi seem to harvest energy from ionizing radiation
autotrophic fungi
cell walls of fungi are
porous
aseptate hyphal growth often radiates from
a single spore
hyphae that penetrate the
cuticle of the leaf to absorb nutrients from
within without killing the cell
haustoria
inflated cells produced by plant pathogens on the leaf surface of their hosts
appressoria
hardened case of hyphae that allow the fungi to survive harsh conditions
sclerotia
all the structures of the mushroom are formed by hyphae and unique cells called
pseudoparenchyma
how do fruiting bodies begin?
by hyphae forming into knots.
-these knots swell to form the primordium or embryonic fruiting body
what are the different mechanisms for spore release?
universal veil
partial veil
hymenium
occurs through mitosis of nuclei,
creating clones of the parent.
asexual spore production
production, transportation, and germination are often dependent on nutrient availability.
-needs both parents
-several methods for dispersal
-waits for favorable conditions
sexual spores
what are the methods of spore dispersal?
air
water dispersal
cavitation
animal dispersal
rain and vibrations
turgor pressure
which species has a specific method of spore dispersal?
ascomycetes
structure bearing asci (singular ascus), this is the general terms for the fruiting body of ascomycetes
ascocarp
inside the ascus is the
ascospore
explain buller’s drop
ballistosporic discharge
water condenses onto the spore and forms a single drop, as the water moves rapidly across the surface of the spore, it causes the spore to project into the air.
-sometimes it can project the spore over 6 meters!
why do spores have unique shapes?
over time they have adapted differently, and they all have different dispersal methods.
what is different between aquatic spores and terrestrial spores?
aquatic spores move through water
terrestrial spores thrive on land
oospores -> zoospores -> sporangeia -> mixed spores
phytopthora
the smallest entity capable of independent survival and reproduction
individual
a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring, essentially a category of organisms sharing similar characteristics
species
assemblages of individuals occurring at the same time, in the same geographic region
population
a process that helps plants adapt to their environment and survive
natural selection
what are the 3 types of selection?
stabilizing, directional, disruptive
what are the two other types of selection that act to preserve genetic driversity?
balancing and frequency dependent
change in allele frequencies in a
population due to chance
genetic drift
transfer of genes between
populations
gene flow
the passing of one or more genes through routes other than parent to offspring
-this has been observed in many fungal species
horizontal gene transfer
good for sharing resources
cooperation between regions
asexual reproduction
genetically identical fusion
functional diploidy
genetic exchange
structural formation
genetically distinct fusion
in genetically distinct individuals, why is hypahl fusion not always a good thing?
nuclei competition, some nuclei can replace the other
mitochondria shut down
spreading viruses
the study of how DNA interacts with smaller molecules found within cells wich can activate and deactivate genes
epigenetics
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