Exam 1 Flashcards
Aggregate
A group of individuals with common characteristics or interest often studied for health interventions
Community
A group of people sharing a common geographic area or interest with social and cultural connections
Community health
Health status and actions within a defined group or geographic area, aiming to improve collective health
Health continuum
A range of health states from optimal wellness to illness or disease
Health promotion
Actions or interventions that aimed in chance, well-being, prevent illness and improve quality of life
Population focused
Nursing care at target specific population group rather than individual individuals
What is primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention?
Primary prevention-
is efforts to prevent disease or injury before it occurs the measures like vaccination or lifestyle changes
Secondary prevention-
Efforts to detect and treat disease early often through screenings or early interventions
Tertiary prevention-
Actions to reduce the impact of ongoing illness or injury, focusing on rehab, rehabilitation, and managing long-term consequences
Wellness
A holistic view of health that includes physical, mental and social well-being not just the absence of illness
Community health
Focuses on health of specific groups in a defined geographic area involving both public and private affairs
Public health
A broader concept aiming to improve health at population level through government initiatives policy in large scale, health campaigns
What is public health role?
Public health professionals focus on disease, prevention, health improvement across population dressing factors like social determinants that can affect health
What is the difference between public health nursing and community base nursing?
Public health nursing focuses on population health and prevention at community or societal level where community based nursing focuses on individual family health within the community setting
What are the primary functions and roles of public health nurses?
Public health nurses assessed community needs education on health, promotion prevent disease and implement policies for public health improvement
What is the difference between community and a population in public health?
A community refers to group of individuals of common interest in geographical locations while population is a larger group that may not necessarily share geographic location or interest
What makes someone a key informant in community health?
A key informant is someone with in-depth knowledge of the community needs issues and resources often play a key role and health assessments or interventions
What are the key components of a community as partner model?
The key components include assessment of the community partnerships with community members and collaborative action to improve health
What are the main principles of Ottawa charter?
The principles include building, healthy public policy, creating supportive environment, strengthening community action, developing personal skills and re-orienting health services
What are the core principles of health communities movement?
The core principles are community, empowerment participation, social justice, and sustainability in creating health promoting environment
What are the key assumptions of the intervention wheel?
Q assumptions include the public health nursing occurs at three levels of practice, individual/ family, community, and system, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention
Give an example of the intervention: consultation
A nurse providing expert advice to school on how to improve health of the students through better hygiene practices
How do you calculate incidence and prevalence?
Incident is a number of new cases in a population over specific time. While prevalence is the total number of cases both new and existing in a population at a given time
What are the components of epidemiological triangle?
The components are agent, which is the cause of the disease, the host the person affected, in the environment, external factors, influencing disease transmission
What is the difference between primary and secondary data sources and epidemiology?
Primary data is collected directly from sources such as surveys or interviews while secondary data is pre-existing data such as health, statistics or previous research
When is social cognitive theory most appropriately applied?
It is used to understand how individual behaviors are influenced by the environment, personal factors and behaviors and areas like health promotion
What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down approaching a community assessment?
A bottom up approach involves community members input in decision-making
A top down approaches, directed by leaders or organizations imposing changes on the community
What are some key factors, including the social determinants of health?
Factors include socioeconomic, status, education, physical environment, employment, social support, and access to healthcare
Which theory would you apply to someone’s decision-making process about changing a healthy behavior?
The health belief model which focuses on perception of health, risks and benefits of action would be used to understand an address this behavior change
What is an example of health promotion intervention?
Organizing a community wide campaign to reduce smoking by providing education and resources for quitting
What is an example of case management in public health nursing?
A nurse coordinates care for patients with chronic illness by scheduling medical appointments and providing support for own treatment adherence
What is the case fatality rate how is it calculated?
The case fatality rate is the portion of people who died from a specific disease out of those who have been diagnosed with that disease
(Number of deaths from disease /number of diagnose cases)x100
What is the attack rate and when is it typically used?
The attack rate is the proportion of individuals who become ill in a population exposed to a specific infectious agent. It’s often used in outbreaks to measure the spread of infectious disease.
What is the web of causation model in epidemiology?
It is a model that depicts the complex interconnections between multiple factors contributed cause of health issue, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various determinants
What should the ecological model be applied to public health?
A ecological model is used to examine the multiple levels of influence on health behavior, such as individual interpersonal community and societal factors
How do you interpret health, statistics and epidemiological data?
You interpret health, statistics by analyzing the data identify trends, compare populations, and you draw conclusions about other risks or effectiveness of interventions
What is a trans theoretical model?
The trans theoretical model is used when helping individuals move through stages of behavior, chain such as pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
What is the social ecological model and when is it applied
The social ecological model examines how individual behavior is influenced by multiple levels of factors such as individual relationship community and society. It is applied to address health issues, which focus on environment policies
What are the seven As of community assessment?
Awareness, accessibility, availability, affordability, acceptability, appropriateness, and adequacy to help assess health services and needs in a community
What are some primary data collection methods, in community health?
Secondary data sources include existing databases health records government reports and previous research studies
What does a system perspective mean in community health?
A a system perspective use community health as an interconnected, considering various system’s (healthcare, social, environmental) influence each other and contribute to outcomes
What is the role of surveillance in public health nursing?
Surveillance involves ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation of health data data to monitor trends, direct outbreaks, and inform public health interventions
What is an example of screening in public health nursing?
A nurse conducts a screening for high blood pressure community health fair to identify individuals who may be at risk in or further for follow up care
What does outreach mean in public health nursing?
Outreach involves actively reaching out to individuals or groups in the community, especially those who are under served to provide health education, resources, and services
What is a coalition building in public health?
A coalition building is the process of bringing together different organizations or community members to collaborate on addressing a common public health issue or goal
What’s an example of disease investigation in public health nursing?
A nurse investigates an outbreak of foodborne illness by tracing the source interviewing the affected individual and advising the community on prevention strategies
What does advocacy mean in public health nursing?
Advocacy involves actively supporting or promoting a policy or group to ensure access healthcare and improve public health outcomes
Delegated functions in public health nursing are what?
Delegated functions involved they registered nurse assigning certain task such as healthcare screenings or data collection to other healthcare workers under their supervision
What is social marketing in public health?
Social marketing involves using marketing principles to design and promote health messages or products that encourage behavior change and improve public health
What is an example of a primary prevent prevention?
Vaccinating children to prevent the spread of infectious disease
What is an example of secondary prevention in public health?
Screening for breast cancer through mammograms detected in early stages
What is an example of tertiary prevention?
Providing rehab services for an individual who suffered a stroke
What are some examples of communities?
Citizens of a town
Group of farmers
Prison community
Professional nurses
Tiny village in Appalachia
What are the three types of communities?
Geographic-city, town, neighborhood
Common interest -church, professional organization
Community of solution -group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them
True or false a community of solution is based on its location
False
A community of solution is one consisting of group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them
Illness
State of being relatively unhealthy
Is the following statement true or false?
Populations and communities are terms that can be used interchangeably
False
Populations and communities are two different terms a population differs from a community, and that the individuals of the population do not necessarily interact with one another, and do not necessarily share a sensible belonging to that group communities involved people who choose to interact with one another because of common interest, characteristics or goals
What is an example of secondary prevention?
A) planning and education educational program on healthy life
B) discussing healthy menu planning with diabetic clients
C) providing skin testing for tuberculosis to the homeless
D) transporting clients to alcoholics anonymous meetings
C) providing skin testing for tuberculosis to the homeless
What are the eight characteristics of community health nursing?
1) population is a client or unit of care
2) primary obligation is achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole
3) PHNs collaborate with client as an equal partner
4) primary prevent prevention is the priority
5) strategies are selected to create healthy environment, social economic conditions in which populations may thrive
6) there is an obligation to actively reach out to all that who might benefit from specific activity
7) optimal use of available resources to assure best overall improvement in health population is key element
8) collaboration with variety of other professionals populations organizations, and entities is the most effective way to promote protect the health of the people
Which activity would reflect a community health nurse working at primary prevention level?
A) teaching safe sex practices to teenagers
B) performing adult hypertension screening
C) encouraging women to do breast self exams
D) helping a post mastectomy exercise program
A) teaching safe sex practices to teenagers
What is policy development?
Use of assessment data to develop policy and direct resources toward these policies
What is assessment?
Regular collection analysis and sharing of information about health condition, risks and resources in a community
What is assurance?
Availability of necessary services throughout the community
True or false the assessment function of public health involves informing clients and communities
False
The assessment function involves gathering and analyzing information that will affect the health of the people to be served, informing and educating and empowering clients are activities associated with policy development
What are the roles of community health nurses?
clinician-care provider focus on holistic
Educator -health teacher plan for community
Advocate-leader of the client’s cause or actor on the behalf of the client
Manager-administrative direction of goal, plan, organized lead, control and evaluate
Collaborator-work jointly with others
Leadership
Researcher
Domains related to competencies developed by quad council of public health nursing organizations include, which of the following select all that apply
A) Assessment analytical skills
B) Communication skills
C) Cultural competency skills
D) Public health science skills
E) Surgical skills
A,B,C,D
True or false a nurse acting as an advocate would help assist clients with navigating the healthcare system
True
What are the settings for CNH practice?
Home
Ambulatory service
Schools
Occupational health
Residential institutions
Faith communities
Community at large (domestic and international )
Is the following statement true or false? A halfway house is an example of the home as setting for community health nursing?
False
halfway house would be considered a residential institution setting
What is the Nightingale model?
A standard a proper education and supervision of nurses in practice
Environment of patients
Need for Keen observation
Focus on the whole patient rather than the disease
Importance of assisting nature to bring about a cure
A client asks the nurse to help identify resources for weight loss plan. The client is developing which of the following theoretical frameworks. Might the nurse use in the situation?
Health belief model
TransTheoretical model.
Social cognitive theory
Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior
Transtheoretical model.
What is social cognitive theory?
Social cognitive theory explains the individuals will learn an adopt changes inhabit while observing others who have mastered the behavior with positive results
Health
A holistic state of well-being, which includes soundness of mind, body and spirit
True or false health involves subjective, and objective dimensions
True
