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BIOL 191B > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Squamous Function

A

Diffusion, filtration, secretion

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2
Q

Simple Cuboidal Function

A

Secretion, Absorption

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3
Q

Simple Columnar Function

A

Absorption, secretion, propulsion of mucus and enzymes

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4
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Function

A

Secretion and propulsion of mucus

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5
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Protection

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6
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Function

A

Protection

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7
Q

Stratified Columnar Function

A

Protection and secretion

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8
Q

Transitional Function

A

Permits distension or urinary organs when filled with urine (by flattening)

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9
Q

String tying epithelial cells together

A

Tight Junctions

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10
Q

Plaque and Intermediate filaments for binding and structure

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

Passageway between two adjacent cells that allow molecules to pass through

A

Gap Junctions

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12
Q

Maximize surface area

A

Microvilli

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13
Q

Hairlike extensions that generate movement

A

Cilia

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14
Q

Areolar

A

All three fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, WBCs
Wrap and cushion organs, hold and convey tissue fluid, inflammation (bc of WBCs)

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15
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Adipocytes, fat droplet
Provide reserve food fuel, insulate against heat loss, support and protect organs

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16
Q

Reticular CT

A

Lots of reticular fibers, fibroblast, WBCs
Form soft, internal skeleton (stroma), support other cell types

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17
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts, lots of collagen fibers, tensile strength, poorly vascularized, forms fascia
Tendon, ligament, withstand stress

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18
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Collagen fibers irregularly arranged, elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Withstand tension in multiple directions, structural strength

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19
Q

Elastic CT

A

Elastic fibers, fibroblasts
Allows recoil after stretching

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20
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes in lacuna
Supports and reinforces, acts as cushion that resists repetitive stress

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacuna, more elastic fibers
Maintain shape and structure, flexibility

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers, chondrocytes in lacuna
Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

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24
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Calcium, collagen, osteoblasts, osteocytes in lacuna
Support and protect, provide levers and attachment sites for muscles, store calcium and minerals, store fat, blood cell formation

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25
Q

Blood Tissue

A

Red and white blood cells in extracellular matrix (blood plasma)
Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes

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26
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Joints that are used a lot are attacked by the immune system. Become inflamed and cause pain and stiffness.

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27
Q

Lupus

A

Autoimmune, tissue damage, affects heart, lungs, kidney, brain, flare-ups and remission

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28
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

Inherited disorder, patients tend to to be tall and thin, present with extremely flexible joints and curved spines, if cardiovascular tissue is affected will cause heart murmurs or aortic aneurysms

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29
Q

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive

A

Turns muscle and connective tissue to bone, autosomal dominant disorder, children have malformed big toes, immobility

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30
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Border control

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31
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Understand what’s happening in the extracellular environment

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

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33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

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34
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Plasma proteins bind to molecules, that part of the membrane pinches inside the cell to become a vesicle

35
Q

Rough ER

A

Make proteins and digestive enzymes

36
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes, lipid metabolism, store calcium ions “sarcoplasmic reticulum”

37
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts products of ER and sends where they need to go

38
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Sac of enzymes to neutralize free radicals (toxins), liver and kidneys

39
Q

Proteasomes

A

Barrel-shaped that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into smaller peptides

40
Q

Centrosomes

A

Spherical structure composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles

41
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired cylindrical bodies consisting of short microtubules, form cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle

42
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome subunit assembly

43
Q

Interphase

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 Phase

44
Q

G1 Phase

A

Metabolically active, make proteins, growth, centrioles begin to replicate

45
Q

S phase

A

DNA makes 2 identical copies

46
Q

G2 Phase

A

Centrioles finish copying, enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized

47
Q

G checkpoints

A

Stops from replication if unfit, prevent cancer

48
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

49
Q

Prophase

A

Loose DNA (chromatin) condenses into chromosomes, centriole pairs separate from each other to opposite poles, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear membrane fragments

50
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes aligned along equator

51
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres of chromosomes split by mitotic spindles

52
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil, new nuclear envelope forms

53
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Split one cell into two

54
Q

Composition of blood

A

Plasma 55
Erythrocytes 45
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) less than 1

55
Q

Blood Plasma Components

A

Ions, nutrients, wastes, proteins: Albumin (prevent water from diffusing due to osmosis), Globulins (includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, copper), Fibrinogen (precursor for fibrin)

56
Q

Function of iron on hemoglobin

A

Binds to 4 oxygen molecules

57
Q

Function of nitric acid in hemoglobin

A

Causes vasodilation to improve blood flow

58
Q

Function of carbonic anhydrase

A

Converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid to transfer CO2 in plasma

59
Q

Function of erythropoietin

A

Released by kidneys in response to hypoxia to stimulate hematopoiesis

60
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte, two to six lobe nucleus, first line of defense against bacteria signaled by bacterial products, phagocytize and destroy bacteria

61
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes, bilobed, stain red, active during allergic reactions and parasitic infections, end allergic reactions by phagocytize allergens and degrade histamines (cause inflammation) with enzymes

62
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocyte, secretes histamines to cause inflammation

63
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocyte, specialized immune cells, T cells attack antigens, B cells produce antibodies to signal macrophages

64
Q

Monocytes

A

Transform into macrophages to phagocytose cells

65
Q

Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis

A

Fibroblasts are reticular cells c blood sinusoids run through reticular tissue, allow mature blood cells to enter blood stream

66
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBCs, too dense and thick

67
Q

Anemia

A

Low RBCs/hemoglobin

68
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Genetic, RBCs are sickle shape due to hemoglobin defect

69
Q

Leukemia

A

Form of blood cancer

70
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelets

71
Q

3 stages of hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug, produce fibrin to form a clot

72
Q

Role of PGl2 and nitric oxide

A

Vasodilation, reduce platelet aggression

73
Q

von Willebrand factor

A

Protein as a bond between collagen and platelets

74
Q

Role of ADP and thronboxane A2 in Hemostasis

A

Released by platelets in plug to signal other platelets to come

75
Q

Role of fibrin in hemostasis

A

Activation of platelets turns fibrinogen into fibrin, densely packs the plug

76
Q

Layers of Heart

A

Fibrous Pericardium, Parietal Serous Pericardium, Visceral Serous Pericardium/Epicardium, Myocardium (muscle), Endocardium (endothelium)

77
Q

Blood Vessel Structure

A

Tunica interna, tunica media (muscle, elastic fibers), tunica externa

78
Q

Veins differences from Arteries

A

Less tunica interna and tunica media, thicker tunica externa (less elastic and muscle tissue)

79
Q

Capillary Exchange - Diffusion

A

Product of concentrations

80
Q

Capillary Exchange - Transcytosis

A

Exocytosis and endocytosis

81
Q

Capillary Exchange - Bulk Flow

A

Product of high pressure to low pressure

82
Q

Filtration

A

Increased blood hydrostatic pressure drives blood out of capillaries due to high pressure from the arteries

83
Q

Reabsorption

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure brings blood into capillaries due to high concentration of proteins

BIOL 191B (3 decks)

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