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Child Health Nursing > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is average weight of a newborn?

A

6-9 lbs

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2
Q

A newborn loses 5-10% of their birth weight in the first _____________ but regains the weight by _____________

A

3-4 days; 2 weeks

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3
Q

birth weight ________ by 5 months and _____________ by 1 year

A

doubles; triples

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4
Q

What is the average newborn height?

A

19-21 inches

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5
Q

height increases about ___________ per month for first 6 months of life then occurs in spurts

A

1 inch

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6
Q

birth length increases about _________% by 12 months of age

A

50%

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7
Q

What is the average newborn head circumference?

A

13-14 inches (33-35 cm)

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8
Q

head circumference increases rapidly for first 6 months of life then increases a total of ____________ by 12 months

A

10cm

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9
Q

infants cannot have _______ milk for the first year of their life

A

cows

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10
Q

This is recommended
exclusively for 1st 6 months w/ iron
supplement at 4 months

A

breastfeeding

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11
Q

______________ formula should be used when formula-feeding

A

iron-fortified

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12
Q

When should you start feeding an infant solids?

A

4-6 months
(Iron-fortified cereal,veggies,fruits)

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13
Q

How often should you introduce new solid food to an infant

A

every 3-5 days

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14
Q

Infant sight

A

nearsighted; eyes wander, prefer contrasting color

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15
Q

when will an infants eyes develop full color ?

A

7 months

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16
Q

infant hearing

A

intact at birth (as adult)

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17
Q

Infant smell/taste

A

can differentiate smell/taste of BM; prefer sweet

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18
Q

infant touch

A

Prefers soft sensations; can detect caregiver’s mood through touch

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19
Q

What is the Erikson level of pyschosocial development for an infant?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust
-Based on quality of caregiver-infant
relationship & care received

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20
Q

these reflexes of infants are subcortical, involve a whole-body response, and disappear in the 1st few months-12 months

A

primitive

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21
Q

when infant’s cheek is stroked, the infant turns to that side, searching with the mouth

A

root

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22
Q

this reflex occurs when a nipple/finger is placed in the infant’s mouth

A

suck

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23
Q

this reflex is a startle reflex; with sudden extension of the head, the arms abduct and move upward and the hands form a “C”

A

moro

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24
Q

while lying supine, extremities are extended on the side of the body to which the head is turned and opposite extremities are flexed; also called the fencing position

A

tonic neck

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25
Q

infant reflexively grasps when palm is touched

A

palmer grasp

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26
Q

infant reflexively grasps with bottom of foot when pressure is applied to the plantar surface

A

plantar grasp

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27
Q

stroking along the lateral aspect of the sole and across the plantar surface results in fanning and hyperextension of the toes; this is the only reflex to disappear at 12 months

A

babinski

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28
Q

with one foot on a flat surface, the infant puts the other foot down as if to step

A

step reflex

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29
Q

these reflexes replace the primitive reflexes and are indicators of a healthy neurological system

A

protective

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30
Q

neck keeps head in upright position when body is tilted

A

neck righting

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31
Q

protective extension with the arms when tilted; arms go toward side/forward/backward that baby is falling

A

parachute

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32
Q

What age does an infant start cooing

A

3 months

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33
Q

What age does an infant start babbles

A

6 months

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34
Q

When would an infant start saying 3-5 words

A

12 months

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35
Q

this type of motor skills use large muscles

A

gross motor skills

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36
Q

this type of motor skills includes maturation of hand and finger use

A

fine motor skills

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37
Q

What 3 developmental gross milestones can 4-month-olds achieve?

A

rolls from back to side, head control, and grasps objects with both hands

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38
Q

What 2 developmental gross milestones can 6-month-olds achieve?

A

rolls from back to front and holds bottle

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39
Q

What 3 developmental gross milestones can 9-month-olds achieve?

A

sits unsupported, creeps on hands/knees, and has crude pincer grasp

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40
Q

What 5 developmental gross milestones can 12-month-olds achieve?

A

sits down from standing, walks with one hand/on own, attempts 2-block tower, can turn pages in a book, and feeds self with cup and spoon

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41
Q

What fine milestone can a 4 month old achieve?

A

Grasps objects w/ both
hands

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42
Q

What fine milestone can a 6 month old achieve?

A

holds bottle

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43
Q

What fine milestone can a 9 month old achieve?

A

Crude pincer grasp

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44
Q

What fine milestone can a 12 month old achieve?

A

Attempts 2-block tower
Turns pages in a book
Feeds self with cup/spoon

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45
Q

What 3 cognitive development skills might you see with an infant ?

A

Separation – learn to separate
themselves from other objects in the
environment
Object Permanence (8 mo.) – object
leaves the visual field but still exists
Mental Representation – ability to
visualize things that are not
physically present

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46
Q

What are examples of age appropriate activities for an infant?

A

Rattles/Mobiles/Mirrors
Brightly-colored toys
Balls & blocks
Books (read to)
Pat-a-cake

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47
Q

What is the age range of a toddler?

A

1-3 years old

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48
Q

What is the Erikson theory for pyschosocial development for toddlers?

A

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

independence – want to do everything
for themselves
Ritualism – like consistency and routine
Negativism – “no” as a way to express
independence
Egocentrism – unable to see things
from other’s perspectives

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49
Q

Egocentrism

A

unable to see things
from other’s perspectives

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50
Q

What kind of play would you see in a toddler?

A

Parrell
- doesn’t like to share

51
Q

What are some activities/ toys you would see with a toddler?

A

Filling empty containers; Balls &
blocks; Books; Finger paints;
Thick crayons

52
Q

What piaget stage is an infant in?

A

Sensorimotor

53
Q

What cognitive development skills might you see in a toddler?

A

Symbolic Thought – can make
mental representation of objects in
the world around them
(Broom=horse)
Domestic mimicry – imitate
observed activities; start to play
make believe
Limited attention span

54
Q

DANGERS
toddler safety

A

D- drowning
A- auto accidents
N- Nose-dives (falls)
G- getting burned
E- eating toxins
R- revolvers/rifles (unsecure firearms)
S- suffocate/choke

55
Q

child should be rear-facing with harness straps and clip in the car until age __________

A

2

56
Q

Toddlers may experience _______ due to their slow growing rate

A

Physiologic anorexia

57
Q

Toddler nutrition

A

Picky Eater
Food jags – prefers certain foods for
time periods
Ritualism with eating (insists on
same dish, cup, spoon)

58
Q

what age should a toddler stop having a bottle/ no spill cup to prevent caries?

A

15 months

59
Q

negativism in toddlers

A

persistent negative response to requests as a way to express independence; no is a commmon word

60
Q

regression in toddler

A

this is when the toddler goes back to an earlier stage of development, usually due to a stressor (new sibling or hospitalization)

61
Q

What age will separation anxiety re-emerge?

A

between 18-24 months

62
Q

These objects
(bear, blanket) at bedtime or stressful
times for comfort & security in toddlers

A

Transitional Objects

63
Q

What age is a pre-schooler?

A

3-6 years

64
Q

What fears might you see in a preschooler?

A

the dark, hospitalizations, and procedures

65
Q

What part of piagets theory do preschoolers fall in?

A

PREOPERATIONAL
Preconceptual→Intuitive (4-7)

66
Q

Magical Thinking - preschooler

A

believe thoughts
are all powerful

67
Q

Animism

A

gives life-like qualities to
inanimate objects

68
Q

Preschoolers begin to understand a sense of ______, so they sequence daily events

A

time

69
Q

What is the Erickson psychosocial development level for preschoolers?

A

initiative vs. guilt

70
Q

Initiative

A

when placed in an
environment where child can explore,
make decisions, and initiate activities.

71
Q

Guilt

A

when put in an environment
where initiation is repressed through
criticism and control

72
Q

preschoolers may expressed strong feelings through _____________

A

play

73
Q

when playing, preschoolers begin to share, acknowledge, copy, and work with one another yet do not share the same focus and goals during play; not playing “together” in any cohesive way

A

associative play

74
Q

These are examples of what a preschooler does in free time

A

Play pretend
Reading books
Puzzles Arts & crafts
Active play
Messy play

75
Q

Pre-schooler Language Development

A

2000-word vocab; 5-word sentence
Difficulty with some consonants due to rushing
Elaborate stories

76
Q

Examples of ATRAUMATIC CARE for preschoolers

A

Use play, puppets or storytelling
Speak honestly
Use simple, concrete terms
Ask specific questions
Allow choices
Participate in imaginative play

77
Q

What might a preschoolers sleep schedule consist of ?

A

Naps infrequent; May resist bedtime, routine at HS
important; Nightmares common due to vivid imagination

78
Q

A preschooler should visit the dentist every _____ months, and _______ is common

A

6, trauma

79
Q

what age range is considered “school age”?

A

6-12 years

80
Q

Cognitive development skills in school age

A

Concrete Operations – concrete
thinkers but more logical and
sophisticated in their thinking
Classify & sort objects
Principle of conservation – matter
does not change when its form changes
Reversibility - an awareness that
actions or order of relationships can be
reversed
Tell time

81
Q

What is the Erikson stage of psychosocial development for school-age children?

A

industry vs. inferiority

82
Q

What are some developmental concerns in school age children?

A

too much time on video games/ internet
bullying (about 10% are bullied)

83
Q

most relationships come from ______________ in school aged children

A

school associations

84
Q

by middle childhood, the opinions of _________ and ____________ become more valuable than those of parents/guardians

A

peers: teachers

85
Q

In school aged children needed calories ________________ while appetite _______________

A

decrease; increase

86
Q

children 4-8 years who are moderately active need ________________ calories per day

A

1400-1600

87
Q

children who are 9-13 and moderately active need _______________ calories per day

A

1600-2000

88
Q

4-8 year olds need _____________ mg of calcium per day while 9-13 year olds need ______________ mg of calcium per day in order to have healthy bones and maintain growth

A

1000; 1300

89
Q

___________ prevention is very important in children aged from 6-12 years old

A

obesity

90
Q

Signs of bullying or stress in school aged children

A

physical injuries that child can’t
explain, school items are missing,
avoids school (fakes sick), poor grades,
behavior changes (withdrawing,
agitated, depressed), suicidal
behavior

91
Q

HEAVY for obesity

A

H- high calorie diet
E- exercise lacking
A- accessibility to healthy foods is limited
V- view food as stress relief
Y- your genetics and family dynamics

92
Q

Brain growth is completed by age _____

A

10

93
Q

In school aged children _______ breathing is replaced with ______ breathing

A

abdominal; diaphragmatic

94
Q

frontal sinuses are developed by age _______

A

7

95
Q

primary (baby) teeth are replaced with __________ permanent teeth

A

28-32

96
Q

Development of secondary sex
characteristics occurs in ____________ children

A

school aged

97
Q

this type of play is predominant via team sports, dance, or solitary activities; this leads to a unified whole team

A

cooperative play

98
Q

What is the age range for an adolescence?

A

11-20 years

99
Q

What is the Erikson level of psychosocial development for adolescents?

A

identity vs. role confusion

100
Q

identity

A

When trying out different roles within peer, family, community, and society, the adolescent develops their own individual sense of self

101
Q

role confusion

A

this occurs when the adolescent is not successful in developing their individual sense of self and believes they cannot express themselves in any manner due to societal restrictions

102
Q

When adolescents are hospitalized, they can develop ____________

A

body image disturbance

103
Q

what age do wisdom teeth erupt?

A

17-20 years

104
Q

first sign of puberty in boys is ______________ in response to testosterone secretion

A

testicular enlargement

105
Q

In what order do girls go through puberty (4)?

A

breast development, pubic hair, axillary hair, menstruation

106
Q

In what order do boys go through puberty (6)?

A

testicular enlargement, pubic hair growth, penile enlargement, axillary hair, facial hair, and vocal changes

107
Q

there is an ________________ in the size and strength of the heart, with blood volume being higher in ___________ due to muscle mass

A

increase; boys

108
Q

girls grow _____________ and gain ______________ during adolescence; height is __________ before menarche and ceases _______________ years after menarche; ______________ increase

A

2-8 inches; 15-55 pounds; rapid; 2-2.5; fat deposits

109
Q

boys grow _____________ and gain ______________ during adolescence; they stop growing around ____________ years of age; ____________ increases in boys

A

4-12 inches; 15-65 pounds; 18-20; muscle mass

110
Q

_____________ injuries are the leading
cause of death in adolescents

A

Unintentional

111
Q

___________ is the leading
cause of injury death in adolcenents

A

Motor vehicle accidents

112
Q

________ is the second leading cause of death in adolescents

A

suicide

113
Q

_________ is the second leading cause of injury deaths in adolescents

A

poisoning

114
Q

developmental concerns in adolescents

A

-Poor school performance
-Lack of interest in things that were of
interest in the past
-Social isolation
-Disturbances in sleep or appetite
-Expression of suicidal thoughts
ADOLESCENT

115
Q

adolescents need an average of ___________ calories per day

A

2000

116
Q

adolescents need __________ mg of calcium daily; males need _______ mg of iron daily while females need ____________ mg of iron daily

A

1300; 11; 15

117
Q

___________ and __________ are common eating disorders in adolescents

A

anorexia; bulimia

118
Q

it is important to discuss ______________ and ____________ with adolescents in regards to sexual health

A

contraception; safe sex practices

119
Q

What 3 sex hormones that are released from the gonads cause change in muscles, bones, skin, and hair follicles?

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

120
Q

the first menstrual period occurs between _____________ years, with the average being __________ years

A

9-15; 12

121
Q

breast budding (thelarche) occurs between ____________ years

A

9-11

122
Q

increased levels of ________ leads to ovulation in girls and stimulation of Leydig cells in boys, leading to mature testicles and testosterone production

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

123
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of __________ and __________, which stimulate sperm production

A

FSH; LH (Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone)

124
Q

increase sebum production leads to ________________ and ____________

A

oily hair; acne

Child Health Nursing (1 decks)

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