Exam 1 Flashcards
What is average weight of a newborn?
6-9 lbs
A newborn loses 5-10% of their birth weight in the first _____________ but regains the weight by _____________
3-4 days; 2 weeks
birth weight ________ by 5 months and _____________ by 1 year
doubles; triples
What is the average newborn height?
19-21 inches
height increases about ___________ per month for first 6 months of life then occurs in spurts
1 inch
birth length increases about _________% by 12 months of age
50%
What is the average newborn head circumference?
13-14 inches (33-35 cm)
head circumference increases rapidly for first 6 months of life then increases a total of ____________ by 12 months
10cm
infants cannot have _______ milk for the first year of their life
cows
This is recommended
exclusively for 1st 6 months w/ iron
supplement at 4 months
breastfeeding
______________ formula should be used when formula-feeding
iron-fortified
When should you start feeding an infant solids?
4-6 months
(Iron-fortified cereal,veggies,fruits)
How often should you introduce new solid food to an infant
every 3-5 days
Infant sight
nearsighted; eyes wander, prefer contrasting color
when will an infants eyes develop full color ?
7 months
infant hearing
intact at birth (as adult)
Infant smell/taste
can differentiate smell/taste of BM; prefer sweet
infant touch
Prefers soft sensations; can detect caregiver’s mood through touch
What is the Erikson level of pyschosocial development for an infant?
Trust vs. Mistrust
-Based on quality of caregiver-infant
relationship & care received
these reflexes of infants are subcortical, involve a whole-body response, and disappear in the 1st few months-12 months
primitive
when infant’s cheek is stroked, the infant turns to that side, searching with the mouth
root
this reflex occurs when a nipple/finger is placed in the infant’s mouth
suck
this reflex is a startle reflex; with sudden extension of the head, the arms abduct and move upward and the hands form a “C”
moro
while lying supine, extremities are extended on the side of the body to which the head is turned and opposite extremities are flexed; also called the fencing position
tonic neck
infant reflexively grasps when palm is touched
palmer grasp
infant reflexively grasps with bottom of foot when pressure is applied to the plantar surface
plantar grasp
stroking along the lateral aspect of the sole and across the plantar surface results in fanning and hyperextension of the toes; this is the only reflex to disappear at 12 months
babinski
with one foot on a flat surface, the infant puts the other foot down as if to step
step reflex
these reflexes replace the primitive reflexes and are indicators of a healthy neurological system
protective
neck keeps head in upright position when body is tilted
neck righting
protective extension with the arms when tilted; arms go toward side/forward/backward that baby is falling
parachute
What age does an infant start cooing
3 months
What age does an infant start babbles
6 months
When would an infant start saying 3-5 words
12 months
this type of motor skills use large muscles
gross motor skills
this type of motor skills includes maturation of hand and finger use
fine motor skills
What 3 developmental gross milestones can 4-month-olds achieve?
rolls from back to side, head control, and grasps objects with both hands
What 2 developmental gross milestones can 6-month-olds achieve?
rolls from back to front and holds bottle
What 3 developmental gross milestones can 9-month-olds achieve?
sits unsupported, creeps on hands/knees, and has crude pincer grasp
What 5 developmental gross milestones can 12-month-olds achieve?
sits down from standing, walks with one hand/on own, attempts 2-block tower, can turn pages in a book, and feeds self with cup and spoon
What fine milestone can a 4 month old achieve?
Grasps objects w/ both
hands
What fine milestone can a 6 month old achieve?
holds bottle
What fine milestone can a 9 month old achieve?
Crude pincer grasp
What fine milestone can a 12 month old achieve?
Attempts 2-block tower
Turns pages in a book
Feeds self with cup/spoon
What 3 cognitive development skills might you see with an infant ?
Separation – learn to separate
themselves from other objects in the
environment
Object Permanence (8 mo.) – object
leaves the visual field but still exists
Mental Representation – ability to
visualize things that are not
physically present
What are examples of age appropriate activities for an infant?
Rattles/Mobiles/Mirrors
Brightly-colored toys
Balls & blocks
Books (read to)
Pat-a-cake
What is the age range of a toddler?
1-3 years old
What is the Erikson theory for pyschosocial development for toddlers?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
independence – want to do everything
for themselves
Ritualism – like consistency and routine
Negativism – “no” as a way to express
independence
Egocentrism – unable to see things
from other’s perspectives
Egocentrism
unable to see things
from other’s perspectives
What kind of play would you see in a toddler?
Parrell
- doesn’t like to share
What are some activities/ toys you would see with a toddler?
Filling empty containers; Balls &
blocks; Books; Finger paints;
Thick crayons
What piaget stage is an infant in?
Sensorimotor
What cognitive development skills might you see in a toddler?
Symbolic Thought – can make
mental representation of objects in
the world around them
(Broom=horse)
Domestic mimicry – imitate
observed activities; start to play
make believe
Limited attention span
DANGERS
toddler safety
D- drowning
A- auto accidents
N- Nose-dives (falls)
G- getting burned
E- eating toxins
R- revolvers/rifles (unsecure firearms)
S- suffocate/choke
child should be rear-facing with harness straps and clip in the car until age __________
2
Toddlers may experience _______ due to their slow growing rate
Physiologic anorexia
Toddler nutrition
Picky Eater
Food jags – prefers certain foods for
time periods
Ritualism with eating (insists on
same dish, cup, spoon)
what age should a toddler stop having a bottle/ no spill cup to prevent caries?
15 months
negativism in toddlers
persistent negative response to requests as a way to express independence; no is a commmon word
regression in toddler
this is when the toddler goes back to an earlier stage of development, usually due to a stressor (new sibling or hospitalization)
What age will separation anxiety re-emerge?
between 18-24 months
These objects
(bear, blanket) at bedtime or stressful
times for comfort & security in toddlers
Transitional Objects
What age is a pre-schooler?
3-6 years
What fears might you see in a preschooler?
the dark, hospitalizations, and procedures
What part of piagets theory do preschoolers fall in?
PREOPERATIONAL
Preconceptual→Intuitive (4-7)
Magical Thinking - preschooler
believe thoughts
are all powerful
Animism
gives life-like qualities to
inanimate objects
Preschoolers begin to understand a sense of ______, so they sequence daily events
time
What is the Erickson psychosocial development level for preschoolers?
initiative vs. guilt
Initiative
when placed in an
environment where child can explore,
make decisions, and initiate activities.
Guilt
when put in an environment
where initiation is repressed through
criticism and control
preschoolers may expressed strong feelings through _____________
play
when playing, preschoolers begin to share, acknowledge, copy, and work with one another yet do not share the same focus and goals during play; not playing “together” in any cohesive way
associative play
These are examples of what a preschooler does in free time
Play pretend
Reading books
Puzzles Arts & crafts
Active play
Messy play
Pre-schooler Language Development
2000-word vocab; 5-word sentence
Difficulty with some consonants due to rushing
Elaborate stories
Examples of ATRAUMATIC CARE for preschoolers
Use play, puppets or storytelling
Speak honestly
Use simple, concrete terms
Ask specific questions
Allow choices
Participate in imaginative play
What might a preschoolers sleep schedule consist of ?
Naps infrequent; May resist bedtime, routine at HS
important; Nightmares common due to vivid imagination
A preschooler should visit the dentist every _____ months, and _______ is common
6, trauma
what age range is considered “school age”?
6-12 years
Cognitive development skills in school age
Concrete Operations – concrete
thinkers but more logical and
sophisticated in their thinking
Classify & sort objects
Principle of conservation – matter
does not change when its form changes
Reversibility - an awareness that
actions or order of relationships can be
reversed
Tell time
What is the Erikson stage of psychosocial development for school-age children?
industry vs. inferiority
What are some developmental concerns in school age children?
too much time on video games/ internet
bullying (about 10% are bullied)
most relationships come from ______________ in school aged children
school associations
by middle childhood, the opinions of _________ and ____________ become more valuable than those of parents/guardians
peers: teachers
In school aged children needed calories ________________ while appetite _______________
decrease; increase
children 4-8 years who are moderately active need ________________ calories per day
1400-1600
children who are 9-13 and moderately active need _______________ calories per day
1600-2000
4-8 year olds need _____________ mg of calcium per day while 9-13 year olds need ______________ mg of calcium per day in order to have healthy bones and maintain growth
1000; 1300
___________ prevention is very important in children aged from 6-12 years old
obesity
Signs of bullying or stress in school aged children
physical injuries that child can’t
explain, school items are missing,
avoids school (fakes sick), poor grades,
behavior changes (withdrawing,
agitated, depressed), suicidal
behavior
HEAVY for obesity
H- high calorie diet
E- exercise lacking
A- accessibility to healthy foods is limited
V- view food as stress relief
Y- your genetics and family dynamics
Brain growth is completed by age _____
10
In school aged children _______ breathing is replaced with ______ breathing
abdominal; diaphragmatic
frontal sinuses are developed by age _______
7
primary (baby) teeth are replaced with __________ permanent teeth
28-32
Development of secondary sex
characteristics occurs in ____________ children
school aged
this type of play is predominant via team sports, dance, or solitary activities; this leads to a unified whole team
cooperative play
What is the age range for an adolescence?
11-20 years
What is the Erikson level of psychosocial development for adolescents?
identity vs. role confusion
identity
When trying out different roles within peer, family, community, and society, the adolescent develops their own individual sense of self
role confusion
this occurs when the adolescent is not successful in developing their individual sense of self and believes they cannot express themselves in any manner due to societal restrictions
When adolescents are hospitalized, they can develop ____________
body image disturbance
what age do wisdom teeth erupt?
17-20 years
first sign of puberty in boys is ______________ in response to testosterone secretion
testicular enlargement
In what order do girls go through puberty (4)?
breast development, pubic hair, axillary hair, menstruation
In what order do boys go through puberty (6)?
testicular enlargement, pubic hair growth, penile enlargement, axillary hair, facial hair, and vocal changes
there is an ________________ in the size and strength of the heart, with blood volume being higher in ___________ due to muscle mass
increase; boys
girls grow _____________ and gain ______________ during adolescence; height is __________ before menarche and ceases _______________ years after menarche; ______________ increase
2-8 inches; 15-55 pounds; rapid; 2-2.5; fat deposits
boys grow _____________ and gain ______________ during adolescence; they stop growing around ____________ years of age; ____________ increases in boys
4-12 inches; 15-65 pounds; 18-20; muscle mass
_____________ injuries are the leading
cause of death in adolescents
Unintentional
___________ is the leading
cause of injury death in adolcenents
Motor vehicle accidents
________ is the second leading cause of death in adolescents
suicide
_________ is the second leading cause of injury deaths in adolescents
poisoning
developmental concerns in adolescents
-Poor school performance
-Lack of interest in things that were of
interest in the past
-Social isolation
-Disturbances in sleep or appetite
-Expression of suicidal thoughts
ADOLESCENT
adolescents need an average of ___________ calories per day
2000
adolescents need __________ mg of calcium daily; males need _______ mg of iron daily while females need ____________ mg of iron daily
1300; 11; 15
___________ and __________ are common eating disorders in adolescents
anorexia; bulimia
it is important to discuss ______________ and ____________ with adolescents in regards to sexual health
contraception; safe sex practices
What 3 sex hormones that are released from the gonads cause change in muscles, bones, skin, and hair follicles?
estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
the first menstrual period occurs between _____________ years, with the average being __________ years
9-15; 12
breast budding (thelarche) occurs between ____________ years
9-11
increased levels of ________ leads to ovulation in girls and stimulation of Leydig cells in boys, leading to mature testicles and testosterone production
LH (luteinizing hormone)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of __________ and __________, which stimulate sperm production
FSH; LH (Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone)
increase sebum production leads to ________________ and ____________
oily hair; acne
