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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Water has a high specific heat because it

A

Has many hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

What do Pasteur’s experiments prove?

A

It proved that life doesn’t spontaneously generate from non-living matter (Disproved the theory on Spontaneous Generation)

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3
Q

What best describes DNA’s secondary structure?

A

Double helix

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4
Q

What best distinguishes scientific hypotheses from scientific theories?

A

Hypothesis are tentative explanations for a specific observation or phenomenon

Theories are well-substantiated explanations for a broad range of phenomena

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5
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The theory (discredited) that life can arise from non-living matter

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6
Q

The discover of DNA structure was useful because?

A

It revealed how genetic information is stored and transmitted.

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7
Q

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to what proteins

A

Peptide bonds

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8
Q

An atom has 4 electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming?

A

Up to 4 covalent bonds

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9
Q

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

A

Side chain (R-group)

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10
Q

What functional group acts the most like an acid in water?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

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11
Q

What are the five fundamental characteristics of life?

A

Cells, replication, information, energy, evolution

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12
Q

If Pasteur had just warmed the broth rather than boiled it, what would have been the likely outcome of this experiment?

A

bacteria (cells) would still have survived and multiplied as the broth would not be sterilized.

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13
Q

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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14
Q

What provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

A

Universal genetic code (DNA)
Conservation of cellular process
Homologous structures
Fossil records
Biogeography

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15
Q

What describes the logic of scientific inquiries?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experimentation
  4. Data Analysis
  5. Conclusion
  6. Theory development (if supported by repeated evidence)
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16
Q

the cell theory states that all cells come from preexisting cells. If this is the case, why are cells in a multicellular organism so different from one another?

A

Cells in a multicellular organism are different from one another because they express different genes

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17
Q

Why is each element unquie with respect to its chemical properties?

A

has a distinctive number of protons

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18
Q

Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why?

A

The average atomic mass is slightly more than 12 daltons because it is a weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of carbon

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19
Q

From its atomic number of 15, it’s possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has

A

15 protons in its nucleus and 15 electrons in its electron cloud

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20
Q

A covalent chemical bond is one in which?

A

Atoms share its electrons

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21
Q

Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). What are the statements about the atoms in ammonia (NH3).

A

The nitrogen atom will have a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms will have partial positive charges

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22
Q

Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

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23
Q

How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

A

2 electrons

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24
Q

Elements found on the left side of the periodic table contain outer shells that are _____; these elements tend to form ____ in solution.

A
  1. Less than half full
  2. Cations
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25
You need to write down information about a molecule, but you only need to indicate the type and number of atoms it contains. Which representation would work best? 
Molecular formula
26
The complexity and variety of organic molecule is due to 
The unique properties of carbon 
27
Compounds containing what functional group would be most likely to behave in a polar manor? 
Polar functional groups:  Hydroxyl (-OH)  Carboxyl (-COOH)  Amino (-NH2)  Carbonyl (C=O)
28
Stanley Millers 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that 
Organic molecules could be synthesized abiotically (without living organisms) under conditions thought to have existed only on earth 
29
What is a property of liquid water? 
1. Polarity 2. Cohesion/adhesion 3. High specific heat 4. Excellent solvent 5. Density anomaly
30
A solution of pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7?
100x
31
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? 
They are nonpolar
32
What correctly describes all chemical equilibrium?
A dynamic state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.
33
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? 
Hydrogen bonds
34
What takes place as an ice cube cools a drink 
The ice cube absorbs heat from the drink 
35
What are the components of each monomer (amino acids) used to make proteins? 
Central carbon atom Amino group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen atom (-H) Side chain (R-group)
36
What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? 
Side chain (R-group)
37
At about pH 7 in most cells what happens to the amino group on an amino acid? 
It becomes ionized (NH3+)
38
At pH 7 in most cells, what happens to the Carboxyl group on an amino acid? 
The Carboxyl group becomes ionized (COO-) 
39
A peptide bond is what 
A covalent bond between the Carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, formed by dehydration synthesis (removal of water) 
40
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the?
Dehydration sytnthesis (removal of a water molecule) 
41
What two functional groups are always found in amino acids? 
Amino group (-NH2)  Carboxyl group (-COOH) 
42
Which type of interactions stabilizes the a-helix and the B-pleated sheet structures of proteins? 
Hydrogen bonds 
43
You're studying a protein that is shaped like a doughnut. The shape is a function of which level(s) of protein structure? 
The doughnut shape indicates at least quaternary structure ( if made of multiple subunits) or tertiary structure ( if a single polypeptide chain folded into a complex shape)
44
A series of hydrophobic interactions side chains will congregate together as a protein folds in an aqueous solution and be stabilized by? 
Hydrophobic interactions 
45
The tertiary structure of a protein is the 
Overall 3-D shape of a single polypeptide chain 
46
At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R-groups) most important? 
At the tertiary level of protein structure 
47
Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would 
Could affect the protein's structure and function 
48
Could affect the protein's structure and function 
Primary structure
49
Which level of a protein structure do the a-helix and the B-pleated sheet represent? 
Secondary structure
50
What is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated? 
If the structure is changed then the function is lost
51
Proteins in biological systems _____
Have various functions
52
What is NOT a potential function of proteins? 
Long term energy storage 
53
What attributes of proteins contribute(s) to their ability to catalyze reactions? 
1. 3-D shape of the proteins 2. Specific arrangement of amino acid side chains 
54
Nucleic acids are polymers made up of what monomers? 
Nucleotides
55
What is the difference between ribonucleotide  and deoxyribonucleotide ? 
ribonucleotide Contain the sugar ribose; RNA uses ribonucleotide deoxyribonucleotide Contain the sugar deoxyribose; DNA uses deoxyribonucleotide
56
What is/are the variable structure(s) of nucleotide? 
Nitrogenous base 
57
What includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA 
1. Cytosine 2. Uracil (RNA) 3. Thymine (DNA)  
58
What feature of single nucleotides provides the energy needed for polymerization when nucleic acids are formed? 
Phosphate groups (hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds)
59
A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of 
Any combination 
60
Large amounts of DNA typically wrap around large proteins called ____; this forms the ____ structure of DNA 
1. Histones 2. Chromatin 
61
What description best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? 
Composed of sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base 
62
If the guanine content of a certain deferment of double stranded DNA is 28% what is the adenine content? 
22%
63
The sequence of one strand DNA is shown below. What is the sequence of its complementary strand  5'-GGCCAAAT-3'
5'-ATTTGGCC-3'
64
What can vary among monosaccharides?
1. The number of carbon atoms 2. The position of the carbonyl group 3. Stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups  4. Whether they are linear or ring form
65
What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar 
Aldose sugar has aldehyde groups (C=O at the end of the carbon chain)  Ketose sugar has a ketone group (C=O in the middle of the carbon chain) 
66
Among the macromolecules with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a 
Monosaccharide
67
what is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen? 
Starch has fewer branches and longer chains  Glycogen is highly branched 
68
Which polysaccharide is an important component in both exoskeletons of many animals and cells walls of fungi? 
Chitin
69
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? 
Disaccharide
70
What is cellulose 
Polysaccharides
71
Cell walls are used by many different organisms for protection from their environment and structural support. These cell walls must obviously be insoluble in water otherwise they would dissolve the first time an organism got wet. What carbohydrates would you expect to be most soluble in water? 
Monosaccharides and disaccharides 
72
What is an example of a carbohydrate monomer 
Glucose Fructose  Ribose  galactose  deoxyribose
73
A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of .0001 M has a pH of ____ and is therefore ____
4 Acidic
74
The mass number given in the periodic table refers to 
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom 
75
What are purine nitrogenous bases?
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) 

BIOL 112 (2 decks)

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