exam 1 Flashcards
What is individualism?
A cultural orientation in which people belong to loose social frameworks with primary concern for self and family.
What is collectivism?
A cultural orientation in which individuals belong to tightly knit social frameworks and depend on large extended families or clans.
What does power distance refer to?
The degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.
What is uncertainty avoidance?
The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty.
Define masculinity in cultural context.
A cultural orientation that values assertiveness and materialism.
Define femininity in cultural context.
A cultural orientation that values relationships and concern for others.
What is time orientation?
Whether a culture’s values are oriented toward the future (long-term) or toward past and present (short-term).
What is diversity in the workforce?
A defining characteristic of modern organizations that includes gender, age, ability, religion, personality, social status, and sexual orientation.
What is the glass ceiling?
An intangible barrier that prevents women and minorities from reaching senior positions in organizations.
What percentage of median earnings do women earn compared to men?
80%.
What is ability diversity?
Any individual possessing physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major life activities.
What are the three types of sexual harassment?
- Gender harassment
- Unwanted sexual attention
- Sexual coercion
What does consequential theory emphasize?
The result of behaviors and determines right and wrong based on consequences.
What is rule-based theory?
Emphasizes the character of the act itself, based on universal moral rights and wrongs.
What is character theory?
Emphasizes the character of the individual and their intent, based on personal virtue.
Define personality.
A stable set of characteristics influencing behavior.
What is the integrative approach to understanding personality?
Describes personality as a composite of the individual’s psychological processes, combining personality dispositions with situational factors.
What are Core Self-Evaluations (CSE)?
Traits of personality that refer to self-concept, including locus of control, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and emotional stability.
What is locus of control?
An individual’s generalized belief about internal (they are in control) and external (circumstances control their fate) control.
What does self-efficacy refer to?
A person’s overall view of themselves as being able to perform effectively in many situations.
What does self-monitoring indicate?
The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.
What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®)?
An instrument that categorizes individuals based on preferences such as extraversion/introversion, thinking/feeling, sensing/intuition, perceiving/judging.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else’s behavior.
What is self-serving bias?
The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on one’s own behavior.
What is job satisfaction?
A pleasurable emotional state derived from job experiences.
Define organizational commitment.
Measures an individual’s dedication to their organization.
What is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?
Employees voluntarily going beyond their formal responsibilities to benefit the organization.
What is workplace deviance behavior (WDB)?
Counterproductive actions that harm the organization or its members.
What is affective commitment?
A strong emotional desire to remain in the organization, driven by belief in its goals.
What is continuance commitment?
Remaining in an organization due to financial or situational constraints.
What is normative commitment?
A sense of obligation to stay based on moral or social norms.
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to recognize and regulate emotions in oneself and others.
What is emotional labor?
Involves controlling feelings and expressions to meet professional expectations.
What influences ethical behavior in the workplace?
- Locus of control
- Machiavellianism
- Cognitive moral development
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A five-tier model of human needs: physiological, safety and security, love (social) need, esteem.
What does Theory X assume about employees?
Employees are inherently lazy and require supervision.
What does Theory Y believe about employees?
Employees are self-motivated and thrive on responsibility.
What are Alderfer’s ERG Theory categories?
- Existence
- Relatedness
- Growth
What are McClelland’s manifest needs?
- Achievement
- Power
- Affiliation
What are motivation factors in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
- Achievement
- Work itself
- Responsibility
- Growth
- Advancement
What are hygiene factors in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
- Supervision
- Salary
- Status
- Company policy and administration
- Security
What does Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation involve?
- Instrumentality
- Expectancy
- Valence
What is goal setting at work?
The process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behavior.
What are SMART goals?
- Specific
- Measurable
- Attainable
- Realistic
- Time-bound
What is Kelley’s Attribution Theory?
Individuals make attributions based on consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
What is reinforcement?
Used to enhance desirable behavior.
What is punishment?
Used to diminish undesirable behavior.
What is extinction?
The attempt to weaken a behavior by attaching no positive or negative consequences to it.
What is distress/strain?
The adverse psychological, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequences that may occur as a result of stressful events.
What is burnout?
A syndrome resulting from chronic workplace stress characterized by energy depletion, increased mental distance from one’s job, and reduced professional efficacy.
