Exam 1 Flashcards
Genetic Components
Our inborn biological characteristics based on the genes we inherit
Environmental Components
Our environmental factors - physical and social world around us (family, friends, schools, neighborhood, community, culture)
Continuous Development
same basic skills and behaviors throughout all ages, development is a gradual change in amount of skills and complexity of behaviors (same basic things growing and refining)
Discontinuous Development
Unique ways of thinking, and feeling - different across age groups
Active Development
Participants in influencing how others respond to them and what their environment is like (implicated in education)
Passive Development
Environment plays direct role in child’s development, they are influenced by their peers and experiences
Classical Conditioning
Learning through associations
Operant Conditioning
Learning through reinforcing and punishing consequences
Positive Reinforcement
Increases behavior by adding something pleasant
Negative Reinforcement
Increases behavior by removing something unpleasant
Positive Punishment
Decreases behavior by adding something unpleasant
Negative Punishment
Decreases behavior by removing something pleasant
Social Learning
Learning through observation
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their environment
Scheme/schema
Mental structure involved in acquiring and organizing knowledge (basic unit of knowledge)
Assimilation
Using current schemes to interpret external world
Accommodation
Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit experiences (incorporate new information/experiences)
Information Processing Theory
Focuses on how we encode, store, retrieve, and manipulate information
Biological Perspective
Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology study the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
Ecological Perspective
Emphasizes development in a complex environment with multiple levels
Microsystem
Innermost level of the environment
Mesosystem
Interactions within the microsystem
Exosystem
Settings with indirect influence
Macrosystem
Culture, values, laws, customs
Chronosystem
Reflecting changes over time
Zone of Proximal Development
Range of tasks that a child can do with help but not alone
Scaffolding
Support that parents and teachers provide to help children learn
Naturalistic Observation
Observing in everyday environment
Structured Observation
Observing in specific laboratory setting
Self-Report
Conducting interviews and questionnaires
Standardized Tests
Using specific procedures to measure various characteristics
Case Study
Gathering a lot of information from many sources on one particular person, group, or event
Correlation
Indicates relationships between variables
Positive Correlation
As one variable increases, so does the other; as one variable decreases, so does the other (move in the same direction)
Negative Correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases; as one variable decreases, the other increases (move in the opposite direction)
Experiments
Involves manipulation of variables
Longitudinal Design
Same group studied at different times (repeated at different ages)
Cross-Sectional Design
Different groups studied at the same time
Cross-Sequential Design
Several different age groups studied at different times
Chromosomes
structures in cells that contain genetic material
DNA
Substance chromosomes are made of
Genes
Segments of DNA that provide specific biochemical instructions
Alleles
A member of a pair of genes
Homozygous
Two identical alleles
Heterozygous
Two different alleles
Dominant-recessive Inheritance
The dominant allele affects the characteristics, while the recessive allele has no effect
Incomplete Dominance
Both alleles are expressed
Codominance
Two genes are expressed together
X-linked Inheritance
Gene is carried on the X-chromosome
Polygenic Inheritance
Many genes influence the characteristic
Genetic Abnormalities
Disorders attributed to genes (gene is a small piece of a chromosome)
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Instead of involving a single gene, it involves the entire chromosome
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Problems with the X or Y chromosomes
Phenotype
How genes are expressed, determined by heredity and environmental factors
Genotype
The set of genes determined by heredity
Adoption
Formation of new families when child is adopted into non-biological parents
Artificial Insemination
Sperm injected into the uterus to fertilize the ovum
Surrogacy
Females bring babies to term for somebody else
In Vitro Fertilization
Fertilization occurs in the laboratory (outside of body)
Cephalocaudal
“head to feet”
Proximodistal
“near to far”
Ectoderm
nervous system, skin
Blastocyst
4th day after conception - hollow ball of 60-70 cells
Mesoderm
muscles, circulatory system
Moro reflex
Grasping when falling
Vernix
white cheese like substance that protects the skin
Endoderm
digestive system, lungs, liver, pancreas, urinary system
Rooting reflex
rubbed on cheek
Lanugo
white hairs to help vernix stick to the skin
Critical Period
there are times when certain things really need to go correctly for healthy development to happen, if something goes wrong, there can be a problem with development
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Severe defects caused by alcohol consumption of a mother
Sucking reflex
suck on things in mouth
Stepping reflex
picking up feet if held with feet to the ground
Eye blink reflex
if something is coming at eye, blink
Babinski reflex
toe fanning
Grasping reflex
something in hand, grasp onto it
Tonic neck reflex
falling reflex
REM Sleep
Active sleep, eye movement, muscle twitches
Habituation
Determines if infants can distinguish different objects
Non-REM Sleep
Quiet, deep sleep with no movement
Drowsiness
Transition between sleep and wakefulness
Alert Inactivity
Awake, calm, and attentive
Alert Activity
Awake, fussy or restless, moving frequently
Crying
Hormones facilitate the infant-parent bonding process
True
A state with frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity. Eyes are open and breathing is irregular
Alert activity
A state in which the body is relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive. Breathing is even
Alert inactivity
A state of full rest with little to no body activity. Eyelids are closed, face is relaxed, and breathing is slow and regular
non-REM sleep
A state of little movement in which eyes open and close. When eyes are open, they have a glazed look
Drowsiness
A state with gentle limb movements, muscle twitches, and occasional stirring. Eyes are closed and moving. Breathing is irregular
REM sleep
Which state seems to be particularly important for growth of the central nervous system?
REM sleep
At birth, infants are insensitive to pain.
False
At birth, infants are unable to distinguish different tastes.
False
A newborn is most likely to prefer looking at…
human faces or face-like drawings
A newborn infant would most likely prefer to listen to…
people talking
Which of the senses is the least developed in newborns?
Vision
Which reflex involves arching the back, flinging out the arms and legs, and drawing them back to the chest?
Moro reflex
Which reflex involves turning the head to one side, extending the arm and leg on that side, and flexing the limbs on the opposite side?
Tonic neck reflex
Which reflex involves fanning the toes when the soles of the feet are stroked?
Babinski reflex
Which reflex involves turning the mouth and head toward stroking of the cheek?
Rooting reflex
Which condition is associated with greater risk for long-term problems, such as delayed growth and learning and attention issues?
Small-for-gestational-age
This table shows which newborn assessment?
The Apgar Scale
When does learning begin?
Prenatally
Does parents’ age influence fertility and prenatal development?
Yes, both mother’s age and father’s
Amy gave birth to an undersized babu. She had very high blood pressure after she entered the third trimester. Based on this description, Amy most likely has..
preeclampsia
Which stage of prenatal development includes the largest increases in length and weight?…
fetal
During which stage of prenatal development does the baby begin responding to sound?…
fetal
During which stage of prenatal development can the baby first survive if born early?…
fetal
During which stage of prenatal development can the baby’s movements be felt by the mother?…
fetal
During which prenatal stage does sexual differentiation begin?..
embryonic
Which stage of prenatal development includes three layers of cells: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?…
embryonic
During which prenatal stage does the heart begin beating?…
embryonic
Which prenatal stage is characterized by the most rapid and dramatic changes?…
embryonic
Which prenatal stage is 6 weeks long?…
embryonic
During which prenatal stage do cells multiply gradually and move through the fallopian tube?…
germinal
The placenta and umbilical cord form during which prenatal stage?…
germinal
Which prenatal stage includes a blastocyst?..
germinal
What is the correct order for the prenatal stages?
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
Dave and Mike are a same-sex couple who would like to start a family. Which of the following is required for them to have a biological child?
Surrogacy
Brendan and Hillary want to have a child that is biologically related to both of them, but because of a block in Hillary’s fallopian tubes, they are unable to conceive. Which method should Brendan and Hillary choose?
In vitro fertilization
Linda and Jay would like to have a child. Linda has no fertility issues, but Jay jas a low sperm count and low sperm motility. Which fertility treatment would you recommend?
Artificial insemination
The environment influences the way our genes are expressed.
True
Which of the following includes how an individual’s genes are expressed, in terms of physical, behavioral, and environmental influences?
Phenotype
The United States is a(n) ___ culture.
Individualist
What type of culture emphasizes group goals and defines personal identity in terms of relationships with others?
Collectivist
What type of impact does affluence (wealth) have on development?
Positive
Is SES associated with communication styles?
Yes
Is SES associated with values and expectations?
Yes
Is SES associated with the timing of major life events?
Yes
PKU, huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis are examples of…
genetic abnormalities
Janice carries the recessive gene for color blindness. Since this is a sex-linked gene carried on the X-chromosome, which of her children are more likely to be color blind?
Her sons
Lynn has one dominant gene for Type A blood and one recessive gene for Type O. What blood type does she have?
A
What is the term for the rod-shaped structures containing genetic material that are found within the nuclei of cells?
Chromosomes
To investigate age-related changes in problem-solving skills, a researcher selects three samples: 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 11-year-olds. Then the researcher tracks each group for 3 years. This is an example of which design?
Cross-sequential
To investigate how children of different ages process mathematical information, a researcher recruits children who are in 4th, 6th, and 8th grade and gives them a series of computation tasks. This is an example of which design?
Cross-sectional
A researcher is interested in whether frequent exposure to violent TV in early childhood is related to aggressive and antisocial behavior later in adulthood. Which research design would be more appropriate?
Longitudinal
Which research method for conclusions about cause-and-effect?
Experiments
Children who spend more time watching TV tend to have lower scores on tasks requiring sustained attention. This is an example of a…
negative correlation
Dr. Dumaren observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a…
naturalistic observation
Jackson lives with his dad, stepmom, and brother. He goes to preschool three days a week and has a few friends that he sees for playdates regularly. This description captures Jackson’s…
microsystem
Jen’s parents decide to let her skip her Saturday chores because she has completed all of her homework assignments without protest during the week. Jen’s parents are using…
negative reinforcement
Billy initially liked going to the doctor’s office, but then he started getting shots there, which made him afraid. He began associating the doctor’s office with shots and became afraid of going there too. This is an example of…
classical conditioning
Reflexes
Innate, automatic response to certain types of stimulation
