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Clinical Medicine 1 @Baylor > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

State of complete physical, mental, and social well being ; and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

Health

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

equilibrium in all cells, tissues, systems

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3
Q

Disease

A

state of disequalibrium

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4
Q

Physiology

A

study of normal function of body

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5
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Physiological processes leading to disease

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6
Q

Pathology

A

Study of general disease

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7
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the CAUSE of disease

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8
Q

Leading cause of death in the US and the risk factors

A

heart disease
risk factors:
-tobacco use
-elevated cholesterol
-high BP
-Obesity
-Diabetes mellitus
-Sedentary lifestyle

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9
Q

Malignant neoplasm (cancer) is one of the leading causes of death, what are the risk factors?

A

Tobacco use
bad diet
alcohol
occupational and environmental exposure

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10
Q

COPD is one of the leading causes of death, what are the risk factors?

A

Tobacco use
occupational and environmental exposure

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11
Q

CVA (cerebrovascular accident aka stroke) is one of the leading causes of death, what are the risk factors?

A

High BP
Tobacco use
Elevated cholesterol

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12
Q

Accidental injuries is one of the leading causes of death, what are the risk factors?

A

Seat belt non-use
Not wearing a helmet
alcohol/substance abuse
reckless driving
occupational hazards
guns in the home
Stress and fatigue

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13
Q

What are the health concerns surrounding tobacco usage?

A

-Increased heart rate
-Vasoconstriction (negative impacts on circulation in the body)
-Decreased oxygen to heart
-Increased risk of thrombosis (blood clots)
-Loss of appetite
-Poor wound healing

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14
Q

What defines obesity?

A

> 20% of desirable weight for adults of a given sex, body, structure, and height
-If it is not excess fat in the body (muscle etc) it is not considered obesity

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15
Q

What are the two types of obesity?

A

-Exogenous-excessive caloric intake (not matching caloric expenditure)
-Endogenous-Inherent metabolic problems; usually paired with hypothyroid/Cushing’s disease;<1% of population

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16
Q

Hyperplasia versus hypertrophy

A

-Hyperplasia: greater than normal number of fat cells
-Hypertrophy: greater than normal size of fat cells

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17
Q

Signs versus symptoms

A

-Signs: objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination; Can measure (High BP, dehydration, decreased oxygen etc)

-Symptoms: subjective indications of disease reported by the patient; Cannot measure
(dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea etc)

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18
Q

Syndrome

A

Signs and symptoms occur concurrently (pattern)

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19
Q

Prognosis

A

Predicted course and outcome of the disease (what do we predict in terms of recovery/survival)

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20
Q

Acute

A

quick onset short duration

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21
Q

Chronic

A

Insidiously(slow onset) and long lived

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22
Q

Remission

A

Signs and symptoms subside

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23
Q

Exacerbation

A

Recur in all severity (come back worse than before)

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24
Q

Relapse

A

Returns weeks or months later

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25
Sequela
aftermath of a disease (paralysis following polio)
26
Complications in terms of disease
diseases from diseases (kidney failure secondary to diabetes)
27
Mortality versus morbidity
mortality: measure of death attributed to disease Morbidity: measure of disability
28
Causes of disease
Idiopathic-dont know where it started/came from: leads to change in structure or function Microbes/genetics/environment: know that one of these caused it: leads to inflammation lesion
29
What are the primary preventative measures of disease?
Removing or reducing disease factors -Immunizations, seatbelt, stop smoking and drinking, and exercise etc
30
What are secondary factors of preventing disease?
Early detection -screenings, tests
31
Tertiary factors of preventing disease
-Recognized and established disease and this is kinda the "management" portion -Where PT's focus!!! -Limiting impact of established disease (getting necessary surgery, chemo etc) -Rehab -Preventing severe disability may end if no further healing is expected
32
Body's first line of defense
skin/mucosal barriers
33
Inflammatory response
-vascular changes: arterioles and capillaries dilate (hyperemia) -heat and redness -Increased blood flow for leukocytes (neutrophils) to defend -damaged tissues release histamine: allows WBC and plasma to escape capillaries and enter damaged tissue; inflammatory swelling (exudate) -Swelling increases pressure on nerve endings -pyogenic (pus) bacteria (usually in response to bacteria) and part of the inflammatory response -Wound healing ONLY occurs when bacteria are destroyed
34
Suppurative inflammation
pyogenic (pus) bacteria (usually in response to bacteria) and part of the inflammatory response
35
Example of the inflammatory response when a nail punctures the skin
1. Nail punctures skin 2. Bacteria enter and multiply 3. Injured cells release histamine (the "help" signal") 4. Blood vessels dilate and become permeable, releasing inflammatory exudate 5. Blood flow to the damaged site increases 6. Neutrophils move toward bacteria and destroy them (phagocytosis)
36
Two ways of wound healing
-regeneration: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells -Fibrosis: fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, form a meshwork (scar tissue that can be restrictive and not as functional)(can be raised and hard in the form of a keloid which is even more restrictive than scarring)
37
Acquired (specific) immunity
-Second line of defense for body -more rapid response to antigen it has experienced before (specific and memory) -Two types: passive and acquired **passive acquired=receipt of protective substances produced by another human or animal (mother to baby) **Active acquired : immunity develops following direct exposure (immunizations or vaccinations)
38
what organ filters the lymph in the body
spleen
39
B lymphocytes are present in what type of immunity?
Humoral (type of active (specific) immunity): lymphocytes originate in stem cells in bone marrow -can differentiate into plasma or memory cells -Fight bacterial infections -Immunoglobulins
40
T lymphocytes are present in what type of immunity
Cell-mediated immunity (type of active (specific) immunity) -Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells etc -Mature in thymus glands -Affected by HIV/AIDS -Attack body cells invaded by pathogens -Continual removal of bacteria/viruses etc -Rejection of transplant tissue -Autoimmune diseases
41
"Killer" cells
"turn the immune system on" Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells
42
Suppresor T cells do what
"turn the immune system off" -Stop all T cell functions reducing immune response -People with autoimmune disease may not have these which is why they are in a constant battle of fighting
43
Neutrophils
-most #'s -Kill organisms by phagocytosis and die after -Dead neutrophils=pus
44
Monocytes (macrophages)
-Phagocytosis -Identify antigens as foreign and introduce the pathogen to lymphocytes stimulating SPECIFIC immune response -Can boost the immune system with stimulation of macrophages
45
Lymphocytes
Help kill tumor cells and control immune responses
46
Eosinophils and basophils
allergic reactions and parasitic infestations
47
noncommunicable meaning
cannot be transmitted directly from humans (rabies or cholera)
48
Epidemiology
Study of transmission, occurance, distribution, and control of disease
49
Incidence
of NEW cases of disease in population
50
Prevalence
of EXISTING cases of disease
51
horizontal transmission
transmitted from infected person to susceptible person
52
Vertical transmission
Occurs from one generation to the next (ex. mom->baby)
53
Parentral Transmission
transmission occurs through port of entry -ex. opening in body
54
Fomites
Inanimate objects that are contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir (the source of the infectious agent) ex. public areas
55
Viruses
-Subcellular organism made up of ONLY RNA OR DNA nucleus -Dependent on host cells -Cannot replicate unless invade host -NOT susceptible to antibiotics -Cannot be destroyed pharmacologically but antivirals might mitigate
56
Bacteria
-Single celled microrganisms with well defined cell walls -Can grow independently without need for other cells/host -Can mutate and develop insensitivity or resistance to antibiotics
57
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
-Staphylococcus -Streptococcal/streptococci -Pseudomonas
58
Nosocomial infections
-hospital-acquired infections -lots of people contract and die
59
Rule of 2's
-2 views: one view is no view -2 abnormalities: if you see one, look for another -2 joints: image above and below injury (if indicated) -2 occasions-always compare to old films (if possible)
60
CT scan
-Multiple x ray images combined together with a computer for increased detail and sensitivity -Great for irregular shaped (skull, tumors, vertebrae, fracture lines) -Great at differentiating bone and soft tissue -More radiation than x-ray alone and shows less soft tissue detail than an MRI (contrast medium would be brightest white while air would be black)
61
MRI
-uses powerful machine to create magnetic field and radiofrequency to line up the hydrogen protons in the body to create detailed images -standard for: ligament, cartilage, interosseous abnormalities, and bone tumors -Not safe for patients with metal implants, shrapnel, or pacemakers
62
Bone scan
-Nuclear image -Injected radioactive tracer that will be taken up into areas of increased metabolic activity -Best for imaging stress fractures, tumors, infection fractures -VERY POOR detail (not super clear)
63
Echogenicity (ultrasound)
ability to reflect sound
64
Bone is ___ on the surface but ____ underneath (on ultrasound)
bone is hyperchoic on the surface but hypoechoic beneath
65
Nerve on ultrasound is _____ hyperchoic relative to muscle
more means more white appearing on ultrasound
66
hyperechoic means what in ultrasound
white appearance bone, ligament, nerve, dura
67
isoechoic in ultrasound
grey color muscles
68
HYPOechoic in ultrasound
appears black intraathecal space, CSF, blood, fluids
69
Muscle is ____ in ultrasound
hypoechoic with hyperechoic bands (greyish)
70
DEXA scan (dual energy X ray absorptiometry)
measures bone mineral density and body composition -commonly used for osteoporotic patients ex. women in menopause
71
Types of radiology (diagnostic imaging)
Radiographs CT scintigraphy MRI MSK ultrasound
72
Radiology definition
branch of medicine; uses radiant energy and radioactive substances including x rays, radioactive isotopes, and ionizing radiation for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease
73
MSK imaging
-Subspecialty of radiology -covers all tissues of the MSK, not just bone -Time and cost-effective with low risk -First order diagnostic study to be done following clinical examination
74
How much accuracy did PTs have when it came to clinical diagnostic accuracy? Were the below/above anyone?
PT= 74.5% accuracy only falling behind orthopaedic surgeons at 80.8% PT's demonstrated significantly better than non ortho providers
75
Essentially all imaging should be plain films first true or false
true
76
when is imaging yielded (valid to be ordered)
when the information yielded would change the treatment plan
77
Clinical decision rules
evidence based determine risk level to not miss serious conditions
78
ACR (american college of radiology appropriateness criteria)
evidence based consensus IDs high and low value studies based on clinical varients
79
Western australia diagnostic imaging pathways
pathways based on suspected diagnoses (patient presentation)
80

Clinical Medicine 1 @Baylor (1 decks)

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