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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences

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2
Q

What are the three major areas of study in kinesiology?

A
  • Mechanics: bio mechanics
  • Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy
  • Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology
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3
Q

What does the SEE principle stand for in kinesiology?

A
  • Safety
  • Effectiveness
  • Efficiency
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4
Q

What are the two classifications of movement in kinesiological analysis?

A
  • Simultaneous
  • Sequential
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5
Q

Define simultaneous movement.

A

Segments move as one

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6
Q

Define sequential movement.

A

Segments move in an orderly sequence toward an end result

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7
Q

What does anatomical analysis focus on?

A

Analyzes the process not the product

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8
Q

What is mechanical analysis in kinesiology?

A

Identify most appropriate way to execute the skill

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9
Q

What are the three planes of motion?

A
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
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10
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Splits into left and right

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11
Q

In which plane does rotation occur?

A

Transverse plane

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12
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Splits into front and back

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13
Q

What are the axes of rotation?

A

Frontal- splits the sagittal
* Anteroposterior (AP)- splits the frontal
* Vertical- splits the transverse

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14
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Provides support, muscle attachment, and protection

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15
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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16
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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17
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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18
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

Process of bone development

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19
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

A bone in a healthy person will adapt to loads placed on it

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20
Q

What is articulation in anatomy?

A

Where two bones come together to form a joint

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21
Q

What are diarthrotic joints?

A

Joints with a space between the bones (e.g., knee, hip, elbow)

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22
Q

What type of joint allows only flexion and extension?

A

Hinge joint

23
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone

24
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

Proximal attachment of a muscle, closest to the midline

25
What is an isometric contraction?
Tension developed without any change in length
26
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric contractions?
* Concentric: Muscle shortens * Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
27
What is a motor unit?
Consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its axon supplies
28
What is the role of agonist muscles?
Cause joint motion (prime mover)
29
What is the function of antagonistic muscles?
Allow movement and relax muscle
30
What does EMG stand for?
Electromyography
31
What is the role of the CNS?
Includes the brain and spinal cord, linking to the PNS
32
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
* Sensory (afferent) * Motor (efferent)
33
What is a dermatome?
Area of skin that the specific nerve innervates
34
What is the synapse?
Connection between neurons in the CNS
35
What are action potentials?
The minimum level of stimulus necessary to initiate or propagate a signal
36
What are the two factors that influence gradation?
* Number of motor units activated * Frequency of stimulation
37
What is inhibition?
Inhibitory stimulus that stops the action Inhibition plays a crucial role in regulating muscle activity.
38
Define motor unit.
Consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its axon supplies ## Footnote All muscle fibers in a motor unit are the same muscle type.
39
What influences the precision of movement in motor units?
Size of motor unit and ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons ## Footnote A small ratio allows for more precise movements.
40
What are the two factors that influence gradation?
Number of motor units activated and frequency of stimulation ## Footnote Less stimulation leads to less activation.
41
What are exteroreceptors?
Sensory receptors near body surface that respond to external stimuli ## Footnote Examples include thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and olfactory receptors.
42
What do interoceptors sense?
Stimuli from inside the body, such as heat, cold, pain, and pressure ## Footnote Includes proprioceptors, spindles, GTO, PC, and RE.
43
What are proprioceptors?
Sensory receptors that provide information about body movement and position ## Footnote Located in muscles, joints, tendons, and inner ear.
44
Where are muscle spindles located?
In muscle belly, parallel with muscle fibers ## Footnote They detect muscle length and cause contraction.
45
What is the function of the Golgi tendon organ (GTO)?
Senses stretch, length, tension, and relaxes the muscle to avoid injury ## Footnote Acts as a protective mechanism.
46
What do Pacinian corpuscles provide feedback on?
Joint angle and location of a body part ## Footnote Found beneath skin around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths.
47
What do Ruffinian endings sense?
Joint position and skin stretch ## Footnote Important for proprioceptive feedback.
48
Describe the process of reflexes.
Stimulus, receptor organ, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, muscle (response) ## Footnote Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
49
What is the stimulus and response of the extensor thrust reflex?
Stimulus: pressure; Response: contraction of extensor muscles ## Footnote Receptor involved is Pacinian corpuscles.
50
What distinguishes phasic and tonic stretch reflexes?
Phasic: short response; Tonic: long response ## Footnote Phasic responds to high velocity stretch; Tonic responds to slow sustained stretch.
51
What is the purpose of the tendon reflex?
Feedback mechanism to control tension and protect tendon ## Footnote It activates when there is high level stretch to a tendon.
52
What is kinesthesis?
The conscious awareness of Body postion and amount and body movement ## Footnote It is essential for voluntary movement and motor learning.
53
Define reciprocal inhibition.
When one side (A/P) of the body is working, the other is resting ## Footnote Example: When the bicep flexes, the tricep rests.
54
What is co-activation?
When all muscles contract at once ## Footnote Opposite of reciprocal inhibition, decreases with practice.

kinesiology (1 decks)

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