Exam 1

Question 1

The hallmark of psychology’s separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____.

Answer 1

Experimentation

Question 2

A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____.

Answer 2

Economic context of the United States

Question 3

The school of thought that is distinct in its focus on the role of the unconscious in determining behavior is the ____ school.

Answer 3

​psychoanalytic

Question 4

According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____.

Answer 4

​- it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology

• it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements
• it provides a fascinating story on its own
• All of the above (yes)

Question 6

The school of thought that deals with how the conscious mind enables and facilitates one’s adaptation to one’s environment is the ____ school.

Answer 6

Functionalist

Question 7

The term historiography refers to ____

Answer 7

the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research

Question 8

Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago.

Answer 8

200

Question 9

Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?

Answer 9

​Demands generated by the world wars

Question 10

The term “Zeitgeist” refers to ____.

Answer 10

the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

Question 11

What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?

Answer 11

It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time

Question 12

The school of thought that deals solely with observable behaviors that can be described in objective terms is the ____ school.

Answer 12

behaviorist

Question 13

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____.

Answer 13

​relationships among psychology’s ideas, theories, and research strategies

Question 14

​The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ___

Answer 14

philosophy and physiology

Question 15

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud’s ideas, are examples of ____.

Answer 15

data distorted by translation

Question 16

The _____ theory would support the claim: “Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche.”

Answer 16

personalistic

Question 17

Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?

Answer 17

Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.

Question 18

The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____.

Answer 18

methodology

Question 19

According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.

Answer 19

engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

Question 20

The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.

Answer 20

economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination

Question 20

Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will always be influenced by the ____.

Answer 20

contextual forces of the time

Question 21

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____.

Answer 21

the distinction between the physical world and one’s experience of it

Question 21

Materialism is the belief that ____.

Answer 21

all things can be described in physical terms

Question 22

For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea ____.

Answer 22

cannot be reduced

Question 23

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?

Answer 23

George Berkeley

Question 24

____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.

Answer 24

James Mill

Question 25

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?

Answer 25

​effects are predictable and measurable

Question 26

For Locke, ideas are the result of ____.

Answer 26

​reflection and sensations

Question 27

Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of ____.

Answer 27

Babbage's calculating machine

Question 28

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?

Answer 28

- ​a mechanistic conception of the body. ​the theory of reflex action. ​- mind-body interaction. ​- localization of mental function in the brain. ​All of the choices are correct. (yes)

Question 29

The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____.

Answer 29

positivism

Question 30

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?

Answer 30

the mind and body mutually influence each other's actions.

Question 31

Derived ideas ____.

Answer 31

​arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

Question 32

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to ____.

Answer 32

​the mind-body problem

Question 33

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.

Answer 33

reflex action theory

Question 34

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.​

Answer 34

reductionism

Question 35

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?​

Answer 35

All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.

Question 36

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.

Answer 36

mechanism

Question 37

What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology?

Answer 37

Empiricism

Question 38

In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science?

Answer 38

Descartes's

Question 39

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.

Answer 39

experience

Question 40

The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the ____.

Answer 40

extirpation method

Question 41

Define the extirpation method.

Answer 41

When a brain region/neural structure is entirely removed/destroyed

Question 42

The point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced is a definition of the ____.

Answer 42

absolute threshold

Question 43

Define absolute threshold.

Answer 43

When a data set/measurement tool reaches its maximum - Example: becoming so sensitive you no longer feel the agitator

Question 44

In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ____ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.

Answer 44

Broca's

Question 45

Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?

Answer 45

Ernst Weber

Question 46

Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____.

Answer 46

quantification of the mind-body relationship

Question 46

Which of the following is true of Fechner?

Answer 46

​- He was "cured" of some symptoms by eating spiced raw ham soaked in Rhine wine and lemon juice. ​- He seriously damaged his eyes by looking at the sun through colored glasses. - He developed the notion of the pleasure principle.​ ​- He taught at Leipzig. - All of the above (yes)

Question 47

With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination ____.

Answer 47

that thought and movement are not simultaneous

Question 48

Weber's experiments led to two important contributions: (a) further research and (b) the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of ____.

Answer 48

experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships

Question 49

Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____.

Answer 49

​Fritsch and Hitzig

Question 50

Weber suggested that discrimination among sensations depended on ____.

Answer 50

the relative difference or ratio between two weights

Question 51

____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.

Answer 51

Hall

Question 52

The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was ____.​

Answer 52

the inductive method

Question 53

The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of ____.

Answer 53

psychophysics

Question 54

Bessel’s discovery had an impact on which of the following sciences?

Answer 54

Astronomy, Biology, Psychology, and Physiology

Question 55

​German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ____.

Answer 55

there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike

Question 56

Fechner proposed two ways to measure the lowest level of a sensation. One was the point of stimulus intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects do experience a sensation; the other was ____.

Answer 56

whether or not a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or not sensed

Question 57

Psychology was founded by __.

Answer 57

Wundt

Question 58

The most effective criticisms of phrenology came from whom?

Answer 58

Flourens

Question 59

Until the work of ____, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.

Answer 59

​J. Müller

Question 60

How did the British empiricists (BritE) and the German physiologists (GerP) differ in their approach to the study of the senses?

Answer 60

The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.

Question 61

What was the clown/gorilla study?

Answer 61

A researcher wished to understand what could distract an individual - Results: we have a difficult time focusing on more than one thing at once

Question 62

Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

Answer 62

Aids in our understanding of modern psychology - see the connection between ideas/theories - understanding of diverse perspectives and theories

Question 63

Why is psychology both the oldest and newest disciplines

Answer 63

Psychology is based on philosophy (stemming back to ancient Greek and Roman times), but also a new discipline in terms of formal recognition (on insurance programs)

Question 64

How was Gustav Fechner's ideas found?

Answer 64

After death, individuals found diaries developing psychophysics (how we perceive and understand light)