Exam #1 Flashcards
Characteristics of living things
cellular organization
growth and development
reproduction
response to stimuli
metabolism
adaptation
homeostasis
anatomy
study of internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships
physiology
study of the functions of those structures
the study of structures that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy:
understanding anatomical structures based on surface lining
Surface anatomy:
covering anatomy by systems
Systemic anatomy:
study of cells
Cytology:
study of tissues
Histology:
Levels of organization:
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
smallest unit of living things
Cell:
structure composed of groups of specialized cells
Tissue
4 types of basic tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
specialized structure made of tissues
Organ
structure - skin and associated structures: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
function - regulate body temp.; protection; vitamin d synthesis; detects sensations
integumentary system
structure: all bones and associated cartilage
function: supports and protects; assists with movements; blood production; mineral storage
skeletal system
structure: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
function: movement of body; movement of substances through body; maintains posture; heat production
muscular system
structure: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs (eyes and ears)
function: regulate body activities: sensory info. to the brain and motor signal out to body
nervous system
structure: glands and tissues that produce hormones (pituitary, thyroid, etc.)
function: hormones regulate body activities of target organs
endocrine system
structure: blood (plasma and cells), heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
function: carrying substance though body (hormones, waste, gases, nutrients); regulates temp.; fights disease (WBCs)
cardiovascular system
structure:
lymph - lymph fluid, vessel and structures (spleen, lymph nodes)
immune - WBCs of immune response
function:
L - return protein and fluid to blood; filter lymph before returning to CVS
I - cells protect against disease causing-agents
lymphatic and immune systems
structure: lungs and air passages (trachea)
function: gas exchange; blood pH regulation; sound production in larynx
respiratory system
structure: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus, and accessory organs (salivary glands,, liver, pancreas, etc.)
function: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food; absorption of nutrients; elimination of solid waste
digestive system
structure: kidneys, bladder, urethra
function: produce and eliminate urine; regulate volume and chemical composition of blood; regulate red blood cell production
urinary system
structure: gonads and associated organs for each gender
F - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
M - testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, penis
function: gamete production; hormone production; development of embryo
reproductive system
Necessary functions of life:
maintain boundaries
movement
responsiveness/excitability
digestion
metabolism –> one of the most important
excretion
reproduction
growth
Survival needs:
nutrients
oxygen
water
body T
atm pressure
“same state”
maintaining constant internal levels in a changing environment
Homeostasis:
3 parts of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms
Receptors, control center and effector
receptors
monitor conditions
- thermoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- baroreceptors
control center
receives info. then compares it to a set point and sends signal to effectors to maintain normal range
- brain –> hypothalamus
effector
bring body/changes conditions back to homeostasis
- muscles
- lungs
- kidneys
- bones
Negative feedback
returning to homeostasis
ex: body temp.
–> too cold… body starts to shiver
–> too hot… body starts to sweat
ex: blood glucose
–> too high… pancreas produces insulin
–> too low… pancreas produces glucagon
Positive feedback
enhances homeostasis
ex: blood clotting
–> platelet activation
–> platelets divide and multiply to form blood clots to stop hemorrhaging and extreme loss of blood
ex: homeostasis of labor
–> contractions
–> baby applies pressure to cervix causing it to stretch, nerve impulses then get sent to the brain, oxytocin gets released from the brain, oxytocin causes contractions to begin, cycle repeats until baby is born
energy of motion
useable form of energy
heat is a form of this energy
Kinetic energy:
stored energy: has the potential to do work
must be converted to kinetic energy to use it
chemical energy fits into this category
Potential energy:
pure forms of a substance that cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions
Chemical element:
smallest units of an element that retain the properties and characteristics of an element
atoms
proton
charge: +
neutron
charge: 0
electron
charge: -
outermost shell - involved in chemical reactions
Electron valence shell:
region surrounding an atoms nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found
Electron cloud:
number of protons
Atomic number:
sum of protons + neutrons
Atomic weight/mass:
same P, same E, different N
Isotope:
two or more atoms sharing electrons
covalent bonds
Molecule:
substance that contains atoms from two or more elements
covalent or ionic bonds
Compound:
atom with positive or negative charge
Ion
postive ion, electron donor
Cation:
negative ion, electron acceptor
Anion:
electrical attraction between two ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond:
atoms in the molecule share electrons
polar or non polar
Covalent bond:
unequal electron sharing
Polar covalent bond
equal electron sharing
Nonpolar covalent bond:
a weak electrostatic attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in a molecule and a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another molecule, creating a weak link between them
responsible for important properties of water (high surface tension, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and water’s ability to be such a great solvent)
Hydrogen bonds:
bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules
Decomposition reaction:
smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules
Synthesis reaction:
requires energy
Endergonic
gives off energy
exergonic
Factors that influence reaction rate:
temperature (heat always increases reaction rate)
concentration
size
catalysts
has carbon
organic substances
no carbon
inorganic
Properties of water
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
universal solvent
reactivity - pH
lubrication and cushioning - mucus, synovial fluid
liquid in highest concentration
solvent
item that gets dissolved in solvent
solute
a solution where the solvent is water, meaning one or more substances are dissolved in wate
body fluids
Aqueous solution:
mixture of salt and water
0.9% Na+Cl-
Saline solution:
H2O soluble
polar
Hydrophilic
not H2O soluble
oils, waxes
hydrophobic
concentration of H+ ions in a solution
pH of a solution
0
Lowest pH
7
neutral pH
14
highest pH
pH lower than 7.0
higher concentration of H+
lower concentration of OH-
Acidic solution:
pH higher than 7.0
lower concentration of H+
higher concentration of OH-
Basic solution:
hydrochloric acid
stomach acid
beer, vinegar, wine, pickles
tomatoes, grapes
saliva, milk
Acids
sodium hydroxide
oven cleaner
household ammonia
household bleach
ocean water
eggs
blood
bases
soluble substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution
changes in levels will disrupt nearly every vital function
ionic compounds
Electrolyte:
neutralizes either strong acid or strong base
resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added
Buffers:
CO3 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
main function - provide energy, structural, attached to membrane proteins
Carbohydrate
one sugar
glucose and fructose
ribose and deoxyribose
Monosaccharide
two sugars
sucrose
maltose
lactose
Disaccharide
multiple sugars
starch - plants
glycogen - animals
cellulose
Polysaccharide
hydrophobic
water soluble only as lipoproteins
contains C, H, and O, but much less O than carbs
results in fewer polar bonds and the formation of a non-polar compound
more H than carbs = more energy
Lipids
maximum # of H atoms - saturated either H atoms
most animal fats, solid at room T
Saturated FA
does not have max # of H atoms - is not saturates with H atoms
missing H atoms results in double bonds
unsaturated FA
energy source
insulation
protection
Fat = triglyceride
key structural component of cell membrane
Phospholipid
tail - hydrophobic
head - hydrophilic
structured function in cell membrane (maintains membrane structures and fluidity)
ex: cholesterol
four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Steroid
functions of proteins
support
movement
transport
buffering
metabolic regulation
coordination and control
defense
composed of amino group, central carbon, carboxyl group, R group (side chain)
they differ based on their side chain
Amino acid:
a covalent chemical bond that links two amino acids together
ribosomes form this in protein synthesis
Peptide bond
Primary structure of a protein:
linear sequence of amino acids
Tertiary structure of a protein:
final 3D folding/structure
Structural vs. functional proteins:
structural - fibrous
some only secondary folding
keratin, elastin, actin, myosin, collagen
linear, insoluble in water, very stable
provide mechanical support and tensile strength
functional - globular
receptors, transporters, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes
most are water soluble and chemical active
most have “active site”
catalyze/speed up reaction
end in -ase
substrates and active sites
Enzymes:
Denaturing an enzyme:
temperature and pH
causes new function
large biological molecule
made up of nucleotides
stores and transmits genetic info.
Nucleic acids:
Similarities and difference between DNA and RNA:
DNA - double stranded
RNA - single stranded
both made up of nucleotides
structural unit
consists of 3 parts:
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate ion
Nucleotide:
energy currency of living systems
high energy phosphate bonds
can be produced with or without oxygen (aerobic & anaerobic)
ATP:
study organelles and function in other deck
