Exam 1 Flashcards
The three Cs of historical study discussed in the video are
change over time, context, and complexity.
Reconstruction involved extended controversies over
readmission of Southern states into the Union.
In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.
The greatest achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau were in
education.
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
Citizenship to freed slaves
The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated
the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress.
The Credit Mobilier scandal involved
railroad construction kickbacks.
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
The Pendleton Act required applicants to public office to
take a competitive examination.
When did the Industrial Revolution take place
1860 up to the turn of the century
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
Scientific Management. He studied efficiency and methods to make manufacturing more efficient.
What helped the Industrial Revolution
.Land and Natural Resources
.Labor
.Railroad
.High birth rate
.Immigration
-Laissez-faire (hands off)
Railroad Industry
.First big buisness
.Growth
-1862–30,600 miles
-1870 – 53,000
-1880 == 94,000 miles
-1890 – 167,000 miles
.
Transcontinental Railroad
First Transcontinental railroad
-central pacific rr -> Union pacific RR <-
-May 10, 1869–Promontory Summit,
Utah
.James J, Hill & Cornelius Vanderbilt
.Impact of the Railroad
-Transportation
-Related industries
-National Market(Connected buyers and
sellers)
Ingenuity and Inventions
.Patents (right to intellectual property)
-1790s: 276
-1890s:235,000 inventions
.Bell and Edison
John D. Rockefeller
.Horizontal Integration
-Consolidation of the independents, steel
companies, and producers into one.
.The Trust
.The Holding Company
Andrew Carnegie
.Vertical Integration
-He bought out every step in the
production of his business, steel, and
profited in the margins of each.
.The Gospel of Wealth, 1889
-A book he wrote justifying the
procurement of massive wealth.
J.P. Morgan
.Interlocking Directorates
Effects of Industrialization
.Ideas about wealth
.Wabash Case 1886
.Interstate Commerce Act 1887
.Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
The Labor Movement
.Great Railroad Strike of 1877
.National Labour Union (NLU) - 1866
-8 hours labour
-8 hours recreation
-8 hours rest
Growth
1860-1910: 6 million to 44 million
.40% living in cities by 1900
.Diversity & lifestyle – new social problems
Explosive Urban Growth
.People “piled high up on one another in cities”
.transporation innovation
-Mass transit -> middle class -> suburbs
.City Politics
Immigration
.Push & Pull
.Pre-1880
-Most immigrants from Britain/Germany
(largely protestant)
.”New Immigrants” in the 1880s
-Immigrants from Italy, Russia, Ireland,
and many others.
.Making their way
-Sense of community
-“Dumbbell” tenements
.Nativism
.Immigration Restriction
Education
Find slide
Higher Education
.Curriculum
.Graduate schools
.Professionalism
Darwin’s Influence
.On the Origin of Species (1859)
.Social Darwinism
.Pragmatism
-William James
-Herbert Spencer (Survival of the Fittest)
-If it’s true in nature, it’s true in
business
-John Dewey: Progressive Education
Urban Reform
The Social Gospel
-Walter Rauschenbusch
.The Settlement House Movement
-Jane Addams’ Hull House
.Temperance
-Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Native Americans
.Demise: War & Treaties
Indian Policy
.Helen Hunt Jackson
-A Century of Dishonor (1881)
.The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Farmers Organize
.Complex Problems
-Debt trap & “rigged system”
.The Grange Farmers’ Alliance
-Mary Elizabeth Lease
-The Populist Party
Turner’s Frontier Thesis
.The American Identity at a core was about westward expansion
The Populist Party
.Inflation (free silver)
.Public ownership of RR, banks, telegraph
.graduated income tax
.”Purer, simpler democracy”
.Immigration restrictions
.8 hr. work day
.Represented interests of farm, labor, and reform organizations: “People’s Party”
.Public ownership of railroad and banks, Free silver, eighth hour work day, immigration restrictions
.Graduated income tax, increase of money in circulation
.”Purer, simpler, democracy”―direct election of senators, one-term presidency
.1 million votes in 1892
Election of 1892
.Candidates
-Benjamin Harrison (rep.)
-Grover Cleveland (Dem.)
.Populist Party
-James B. Weaver (Pop.)
Depression of 1893
View Slide
1896: The “Free Silver Election”
.Candidates:
-Republican: William McKinley
-Democrat: William Jennings Bryan
Black Codes
.One of the first acts of Southern regimes, sanctioned by Johnson
.Passed first in Mississippi in November 1865; other states followed later.
a.To ensure a stable labor force
with severe penalties for
violation
b.To limit freedoms as much as
possible
.Mocked idea of freedom
.Some were quite severe, but others were a little more lenient and allowed for marriage and children. See samples from Louisiana and Mississippi.
.Eventually repealed–still left blacks in dire economic situation
a.No capital, nothing to offer
except labor
b. Sharecropping (debt peonage)
c. Slaves bound to the soil and to
creditors (many poor whites
were in the same situation)
Social Darwinism
.Application to social world - Herbert Spencer
.Human societies are like organisms: “survival of the fittest”
a. Implies progress to perfection
b. Supported laissez-faire re:
government/business―friend of
monopolizers
Booker T. Washington
.From the South
.Founded normal and industrial school in Alabama (Tuskegee Institute)
.Worked for educational access for blacks for improved opportunity
.Encouraged dignity and self-respect
.Goals: access to education and better jobs
.Would compromise on social equality to make gains in economic status
.Did not push issues of segregation (Jim Crow laws)–believed progress would come in time
.Remembered for his efforts
W.E.B. Dubois
.Harvard Ph.D. from the North
.Wanted equality immediately
.Thought Washington was a compromiser
.Started the NAACP
.Frustrated later in life with movement’s lack of progress–moved to Ghana and renounced U.S. citizenship
The Compromise of 1877
.Electoral Count Act 1877
.Electoral commission formed with 15 men (from the Senate, House, Supreme Court)
.15th member to be Justice David Davis (Democratic-leaning)…resigned, only ones left on Supreme Court were Republicans
.Electoral Commission voted 8-7 in favor of Hayes
.Democrats agreed on Hayes as president with conditions:
a.Removal of federal troops from
Louisiana and South Carolina
(which meant abandoning
protection of black rights)
b. Support for bill subsidizing the
Texas and Pacific Railroad’s
construction of their southern
line
c. Hayes to appoint former
Confederate officer as
Postmaster General (important
patronage position)–this cinched
the deal
.Gave the South back to the Democrats
.Peace came at a price: black freedmen in the South were sacrificed–as a result the Republican party abandoned its commitment to black equality by losing control in the South
Standard Oil Company
.Rockefeller forced other small businesses to sell out to him
.Monopolizer, known as “Wreck-a-feller”
.Methods of monopolization
.Trust
a.Legal device that enabled one
or more people to manage
property belonging to others
(children)
b.Now applied to centralized
control of business (widely copied
in 1880s)
c. Standard Oil Trust (1882)―37
stockholders in various Standard
Oil enterprises convey stock to 9
trustees (to give central direction
to all Standard companies)
d. Interlocking
directorates―shared board of
directors (more than one
company)
.Holding Company
a. A company that controlled all
other companies by holding all
or majority of their stock
.Horizontal Integration
a.Make own barrels, cans, etc.,
control transportation needs,
own pipelines, tank cars, oil-
storage facilities
Gospel of Wealth
.Rich people’s negative attitudes toward poor
a.Rockefeller spoke as if he got
rich based on God’s favor
b. The poor were poor because
they were out of favor with God
c.Lazy, not industrious, no
responsibility
.Caused greater chasm between rich and poor
.Contempt for the poor
.Many had no interest in helping poor
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
.Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Purpose:
a. Prohibit rebates and pools and
kickbacks
b. Consistent shipping rates for
small and large companies
.General house cleaning
a. ICC not given enough
teeth…basically powerless
.Question of government interference
American Federation of Labor
.Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886
a.Jewish cigar maker
b.Head of AFL for about 40 years
c.Not a socialist, had no problem
with capitalism
d.Focused on skilled workers
only
.Federation of smaller unions (difficult to represent all of them)
a.Used the walk-out, boycott,
strikes―not effective
b.Lots of strikes–lost about half
of them
Pendleton Act of 1882
.”Magna Carta” of civil-service reform
.Merit system v. good ol’ boy system in job appointments
.Required applicants to prove their credentials by taking an exam
.Designed to eliminate the spoils system, but also had the effect of increasing the numnber of federal jobs across the board
.Downside: politicians had to look elsewhere for financial support (i.e., big corporations)
New Immigration
.From Southern and Eastern Europe―dark-skinned, dark hair/eyes
.Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish
.Low level of literacy, poor
.Accustomed to dictators (non-democratic government)
.Flooded the cities, stayed in slums and clustered together
.Absorbed the most abuse and prejudice
.Some did not originally come to stay (75% eventually stayed)
.The U.S. was becoming a “melting pot,” or perhaps more accurately, a “racial mosaic”
Guilded age corruption
.Blak Friday Scandal
.Whiskey Ring
.Credit Mobilier Scandal
.Secretary of War William Belknap involved in scandal
.The Tweed Ring
What years did reconstruction span?
1865-1877
