Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of manufacturing?
Manufacturing is the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale.
What is the origin of the word “manufacture”?
It comes from the Latin words manus (hand) and factus (make), meaning “made by hand.”
How has manufacturing evolved from its original meaning?
Originally, manufacturing referred to hand-made fabrication, but modern manufacturing relies on mechanized and automated equipment supervised by human workers.
Describe Discrete Manufacturing
Discrete products: Individual countable items (e.g., nails, bolts, screws).
Describe Continuous Manufacturing
Continuous products: Manufactured in long forms (e.g., spools of wire, tubing).
What are the three main classifications of industries?
Primary industries - Cultivate and exploit natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining).
Secondary industries - Convert primary industry outputs into consumer and capital goods.
Tertiary industries - Service sector industries.
What are examples of secondary industries?
Manufacturing, construction, and electric power generation.
What is the technological definition of manufacturing?
The application of physical and chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a starting material to make parts or products.
What is the economic definition of manufacturing?
The transformation of materials into items of greater value through one or more processing and/or assembly operations.
What are the main responsibilities of manufacturing engineers?
Process planning – Selecting processes, tooling, and equipment while estimating costs.
Problem-solving and continuous improvement.
Providing manufacturability advice to product designers (Design for Manufacturability).
What are the four competitive priorities for a company’s survival?
Cost – Low-cost operations.
Quality – High-performance design & consistent quality.
Time – Fast delivery, on-time delivery, and development speed.
Flexibility – Customization and volume flexibility.
What are the steps from product design to manufacturing?
Product Design (PD) – Geometric features, quality, material.
Process Planning (PP) – Operations, machines, tools.
Production Planning and Scheduling (PPS) – Start/end time allocation.
Shop Floor Control (SFC) – Real-time execution of operations.
What are the two basic categories of metals?
Ferrous metals – Based on iron (e.g., steel, cast iron).
Nonferrous metals – All other metallic elements and their alloys (e.g., aluminum, copper, nickel).
What are the two main types of ceramics?
Crystalline ceramics – Includes traditional ceramics (e.g., clay) and modern ceramics (e.g., alumina).
Glasses – Mostly based on silica (SiO₂).
What are the three main categories of polymers?
Thermoplastics – Can be reheated and reshaped multiple times.
Thermosets – Undergo a permanent chemical change when heated.
Elastomers – Show significant elastic behavior.
What are composites?
Materials consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and then bonded together to achieve superior properties.
i.e concrete with metal rebar
What are the two basic types of manufacturing processes?
Processing operations – Transform a work material to a more advanced state (changing geometry, properties, or appearance).
Assembly operations – Join two or more components to create a new entity.
What are the three categories of processing operations?
Shaping operations – Alter the geometry of the material.
Property-enhancing operations – Improve physical properties without changing shape.
Surface processing operations – Clean, treat, coat, or deposit material on the surface.
What are the four categories of shaping processes?
Solidification processes – Starting material is a heated liquid or semifluid.
Particulate processing – Starting material consists of powders.
Deformation processes – Starting material is a ductile solid (e.g., metal).
Material removal processes – Starting material is a solid from which material is removed.
What is a net-shape process?
A manufacturing process that produces little or no waste, eliminating the need for machining.
What are property-enhancing processes?
Processes that improve mechanical or physical properties, such as heat treatment of metals and sintering of powdered metals.
What are the three main types of surface processing operations?
Cleaning – Removes contaminants.
Surface treatments – Includes sandblasting, diffusion processes.
Coating and thin film deposition – Examples: electroplating, painting.
What are the two main types of assembly operations?
Joining processes – Create a permanent joint (e.g., welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding).
Mechanical assembly – Uses mechanical fastening (e.g., screws, bolts, press fitting).
How are steels classified?
Steels are ferrous metals.
