Exam 1 Flashcards
Proper name for RBC’s?
Erythrocytes
Proper name for WBC’s?
Leukocytes
Proper name for Platelets?
Thrombocytes
What are immature erythrocytes called?
Reticulocytes
What are the five types of leukocytes
1.) neutrophils
2.) basophils
3.) eosinophils
4.) monocytes
5.) lymphocytes
Which leukocytes are granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils
Which leukocytes are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes & monocytes
Components of blood?
-Plasma (plasma proteins & serum)
-Erythrocytes
-Leukocytes
-Thrombocytes
What are the three functions of blood?
-transport
-regulation
-defense
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.4
How does clotting work?
Primary- when blood vessels are injured platelets stick to injury & form temporary plug to stop bleeding
Secondary- proteins in blood create fibrin mesh that forms stable blood clot
What are three important proteins?
-albumin
-fibrinogen
-globulin
Examples of innate immune system?
-defense doesn’t depend on exposure to antigen in past
-same response to every antigen
- no “memory”
- localized or systematic response
What types of cells function under the innate immune system?
-Phagocytosis (neutrophils, macrophages)
-NK Cells
Four cardinal signs of inflammation
Localized heat, pain, swelling, & redness
What is the difference between active vs. Passive under the acquired immune system?
-active immunity: antibody production by B-cell
-passive immunity: individual did no work themselves to make the antibodies
What is the difference between artificial vs. Natural under the acquired immune system?
- Natural:happens “naturally”, would occur without human intervention
- artificial: requires human intervention
What are some cells involved in the acquired immune system?
Memory cells, B-cells, & T-cells
What is lymph made up of?
- Water
-fat molecules - lymphocytes
-Proteins - waste products
How does lymph travel through the body?
Lymphatic vessels
Where are lymphocytes made?
Red bone marrow
T-cells VS B-cells: difference in where they are made & their jobs?
B-cells: originate in red bone marrow - migrate to lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen) where they initiate immune response
T-cells: originate in red bone marrow - migrates to the thymus where they mature, multiply, and enter the bloodstream as T-cells - helps activate B-cells
What are the general parts of the lymph node?
- Efferent vessel
- Afferent vessel
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Capsule
- Blood vessels
What does the spleen do?
- Blood storage
- removes old RBCS
-filters particulate matter from bloodstream - releases more RBC & platelets into circulation
What does the thymus do? When does it atrophy?
- Produces t-cells for cell mediated immunity
- should atrophy w/ age
Functions of the respiratory system?
- ventilation for external respiration
- thermoregulation
-olfaction ( sense of smell) - vocalization
Upper airway components
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
Lower airway components
- lower trachea
-carina
-bronchi - bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs - alveoli
Function of nasal turbinates?
- Moistens/warms & filters inhaled air
- retains moisture & warmth of exhaled air
Lines most of the respiratory tract?
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Function/location of the pharynx?
-Back of the throat
-passage way for both respiratory & digestive systems
Function/location of the larynx?
- “Voice box”
- irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea
Function/location of the trachea?
- “Windpipe”
- wide tube that extends from larynx down through the neck region into the thorax, where it divides into two primary bronchi that enter the lungs
Function of the Carina?
Connects lungs to trachea
Types of alveoli cells ?
- Type 1: site of gas exchange
- simple squamous epithelium
- Type 2: secretes surfactant
- cuboidal epithelial cells
What is glottis?
Opening between vocal folds in larynx
What is epiglottis?
It protects the glottis (entrance to trachea)
What muscles are associated w/ inspiration?
External intercostals
What is pleura?
-thin membrane covers organs/structures in thorax
What is the parietal pleura?
Membrane that covers inside of chest wall
What is the visceral pleura?
Membrane around the lungs
When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure w/i the cavity…?
Decreases
The negative pressure w/i the pleural space pulls the lungs… the ribcage
towards
What does the diaphragm do when it contracts?
- Flattens
- Increases vol. of the thoracic cavity
What does the diaphragm do when it relaxes?
-Returns to dome shape
-decreases the vol. in the thoracic cavity
What muscles are associated w/ expiration?
Internal intercostals
What is the function of surfactant?
-Prevents the alveoli from collapsing
-reduces surface tension
What kind of blood does the pulmonary circulation bring, & from which part of the heart?
- Low oxygen, high carbon dioxide
- Right ventricle
What kind of blood do the pulmonary veins bring & to which part of the heart?
-high oxygen, low carbon dioxide
-left atrium
What is edema?
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue/body
What is effusion?
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in a space or cavity
Blood makes up what % of body weight?
7%
What is in red pulp?
Macrophages & blood vessels
What is in white pulp?
Lymphoid tissue
Monocyte that has entered tissue?
Macrophage
Interleukins
proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T cells
Natural Kill Cells
-Granular lymphocytes
- identify and kill virus, infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells
Adaptive (acquired) immune system
-third line of defense
- slower to respond and highly specific
- has memory
- acts using B-cells and T -cells
