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intro to microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is microbiology

A

study of microorganisms or microbes which are often invisible to the naked eye

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2
Q

The term microbe encompasses

A

cellular, living microorganisms like bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and helminths

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3
Q

non-living microbes

A

viruses and prions

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4
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

life comes from nonliving items

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5
Q

biogenesis

A

life emerges from existing life

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6
Q

proof spontaneous generation exists

A

Francesco Redi- the first person to challenge theory - meat in an uncovered jar (maggots) - meat in a covered jar (no maggots)

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7
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

showed biogenesis is responsible for the propagation of life – pasteurization killed off yeast and prevented stored wine from turning bitter

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8
Q

Prokaryotic organisms

A

ALL are unicellular, lack a nucleus, 2 main categories: bacteria and archaea

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9
Q

Eukaryotic organisms

A

Unicellular or multicellular, distinct nucleus, 4 main types: animal, plants, fungal, protist

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10
Q

Binomial nomenclature system

A

Genus is first name (capitalized), species is the second name (lowercase)

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11
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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12
Q

Domain

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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13
Q

older 5-kingdom

A

amimalia, plantae, fungi, protista, monera

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A

have a nucleoid, lack membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles, use binary fission

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15
Q

binary fission

A

parent cell – replication of DNA – segregation of DNA – cell splitting into two

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16
Q

flagella

A

involved in motility – spin like propellors to move cells, numbers and arrangements help with characterization

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17
Q

flagella 2

A

have the capacity to swim freely through and aqueous habitat, act as sensory organs to detect temp. and pH changes

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18
Q

chemotaxis

A

Bacteria sense chemicals and move accordingly

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19
Q

aerotaxis

A

towards higher oxygen content

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20
Q

thermotaxis

A

towards heat

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21
Q

phototaxis

A

towards light

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22
Q

fimbriae

A

are used for attachment- gram-negative bacteria- E.Coli

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23
Q

pili

A

are used for motility and transfer of DNA- gram-negative DNA

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24
Q

DNA transfer of pili

A

called conjugation, sex pilus extends from one bacterium to another, DNA transfer can add new functions to the recipient cell

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25
glycocalyx (bacteria external structures)
Gel-like layer outside cell wall and protects or allows attachment
26
Biofilms
free cells adhere to the surface and multiply, releasing polymers, nutrients, and wastes pass through characteristic channels, communicate via chemical signals
27
S-layers
are the outmost cell envelope component, composed of single protein or glycoprotein species
28
S-layer protein functions
biogenesis of the cell wall, control of cell division, interfere with the immune system, and can aid survival via adhesion
29
gram-positive bacteria
peptidoglycan cell wall, then plasma membrane, purple stain, contains glycopolymer links cell wall to plasma membrane
30
gram-negative bacteria
outer membrane and think peptidoglycan layer, then plasma membrane, pink stain, contains lipopolysaccharides (help bacteria survive in the gut of animals
31
cell wall
made of peptidoglycan, alternation series from glycan chains (NAM and NAG), tetrapeptide chain (string of 4 amino acids) links glycan chains
32
acid-fast bacteria
have cell walls made up of primarily long-chain fatty acid -- mycolic acid
33
bacteria internal structure
Cytoplasm (PM), genetic material (chromosomes, plasmids), ribosomes, inclusion bodies, endospores
34
cytoplasmic membrane
Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins -- proteins serve as selective gates and sensors of environmental conditions -- selective permeability
35
ribosomes
in charge of protein synthesis
36
Archaea
live in extreme environmental conditions, common in swamps, mud, digestive tracks of animals, require salt to grow, use pigment to synthesize ATP
37
archaea cell wall
can be composed entirely of polysaccharides or pure protein-- NO peptidoglycan
38
Eukaryotic cells cytoplasmic membrane
contain sterols -- cholesterol (mammals) and Ergosterol (fungi)-- they provide strength to fluid structure, phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
39
endocytosis
cell takes up material from the surrounding environment ## Footnote takes in something from outside
40
exocytosis
internal vesicles fuse with cytoplasmic membrane and release contents ## Footnote cell pushes something out
41
action filaments (cytoskeleton)
allow movement
42
microtubules (cytoskeleton)
framework for organelle and vesicle movement
43
Intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton)
provide mechanical support
44
nuclear pores
allow large molecules to pass
45
nucleolus
is the region where ribosomal RNAs are synthesized
46
Lysosomes
contain degradative enzymes ## Footnote known as "garbage disposal" -- break down waste material
47
peroxisomes
degrade lipids and detoxify chemicals
48
microbial growth
binary fission, budding (chromosome duplicated and place in the bud, separation occurs, spore formation (sexual or asexual)
49
Lag phase ( Growth curve)
number of cells do not increase and cells begin synthesizing
50
log phase (growth curve)
cells divide at constant rate and produce primary metabolites (amino acids) and secondary metabolites (antibiotics)
51
stationary phase (growth curve)
nutrient levels too low to sustain, total numbers remain constant
52
death phase (growth curve)
total number of viable cells decreases, cells die at a constant rate
53
center of colony
depleted O2 and nutrients, accumulation of potentially toxic wastes
54
edge of colony
little competition for O2 nutrients, cells at the edge may show exponential growth
55
process of growth after inoculation
culture
56
Media types by physical state
Liquid, semi-solid, solid
57
general purpose of media types
to grow as many potential microorganisms as possible
58
enriched medium purpose of media types
contains complex organic substances or growth factors to grow microorganisms with special growth requirements
59
selective media purpose
grow specific microorganisms, permitting rapid identification of a genus or even species of a target organism
60
differential media types purpose
allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow but are designed to display visual differences among colonies
61
aerobic microorganisms
Microorganisms that can survive and grow in oxygenated environments
62
microaerophilic microorganisms
require lower oxygen concentrations
63
anaerobic microorganisms
any microorganism that does not require oxygen to grow
64
microbe isolation
process of separating one species from another
65
direct cell counts: detecting microbial growth
total numbers (living and non-living)
66
turbidity: detecting microbial growth
the cloudiness of liquid due to bacteria, measuring cell mass instead of numbers
67
3 properties that microscopes have
magnification, resolution, contrast
68
magnification
apparent increase in size
69
resolution
Distinguishing magnified objects clearly
70
contrast
determines how easily cells can be seen
71
Microscopes available
light microscope (most commonly used in microbiology), electron microscope, scanning probe microscope

intro to microbiology (4 decks)

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