Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

intro to microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is microbiology

A

study of microorganisms or microbes which are often invisible to the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The term microbe encompasses

A

cellular, living microorganisms like bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

non-living microbes

A

viruses and prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

life comes from nonliving items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

biogenesis

A

life emerges from existing life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proof spontaneous generation exists

A

Francesco Redi- the first person to challenge theory - meat in an uncovered jar (maggots) - meat in a covered jar (no maggots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

showed biogenesis is responsible for the propagation of life – pasteurization killed off yeast and prevented stored wine from turning bitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prokaryotic organisms

A

ALL are unicellular, lack a nucleus, 2 main categories: bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eukaryotic organisms

A

Unicellular or multicellular, distinct nucleus, 4 main types: animal, plants, fungal, protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Binomial nomenclature system

A

Genus is first name (capitalized), species is the second name (lowercase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Domain

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

older 5-kingdom

A

amimalia, plantae, fungi, protista, monera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A

have a nucleoid, lack membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles, use binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

binary fission

A

parent cell – replication of DNA – segregation of DNA – cell splitting into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

flagella

A

involved in motility – spin like propellors to move cells, numbers and arrangements help with characterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

flagella 2

A

have the capacity to swim freely through and aqueous habitat, act as sensory organs to detect temp. and pH changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chemotaxis

A

Bacteria sense chemicals and move accordingly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aerotaxis

A

towards higher oxygen content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thermotaxis

A

towards heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phototaxis

A

towards light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fimbriae

A

are used for attachment- gram-negative bacteria- E.Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pili

A

are used for motility and transfer of DNA- gram-negative DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DNA transfer of pili

A

called conjugation, sex pilus extends from one bacterium to another, DNA transfer can add new functions to the recipient cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

glycocalyx (bacteria external structures)

A

Gel-like layer outside cell wall and protects or allows attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Biofilms

A

free cells adhere to the surface and multiply, releasing polymers, nutrients, and wastes pass through characteristic channels, communicate via chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

S-layers

A

are the outmost cell envelope component, composed of single protein or glycoprotein species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

S-layer protein functions

A

biogenesis of the cell wall, control of cell division, interfere with the immune system, and can aid survival via adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

peptidoglycan cell wall, then plasma membrane, purple stain, contains glycopolymer links cell wall to plasma membrane

30
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

outer membrane and think peptidoglycan layer, then plasma membrane, pink stain, contains lipopolysaccharides (help bacteria survive in the gut of animals

31
Q

cell wall

A

made of peptidoglycan, alternation series from glycan chains (NAM and NAG), tetrapeptide chain (string of 4 amino acids) links glycan chains

32
Q

acid-fast bacteria

A

have cell walls made up of primarily long-chain fatty acid – mycolic acid

33
Q

bacteria internal structure

A

Cytoplasm (PM), genetic material (chromosomes, plasmids), ribosomes, inclusion bodies, endospores

34
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins – proteins serve as selective gates and sensors of environmental conditions – selective permeability

35
Q

ribosomes

A

in charge of protein synthesis

36
Q

Archaea

A

live in extreme environmental conditions, common in swamps, mud, digestive tracks of animals, require salt to grow, use pigment to synthesize ATP

37
Q

archaea cell wall

A

can be composed entirely of polysaccharides or pure protein– NO peptidoglycan

38
Q

Eukaryotic cells cytoplasmic membrane

A

contain sterols – cholesterol (mammals) and Ergosterol (fungi)– they provide strength to fluid structure, phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

39
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes up material from the surrounding environment

takes in something from outside

40
Q

exocytosis

A

internal vesicles fuse with cytoplasmic membrane and release contents

cell pushes something out

41
Q

action filaments (cytoskeleton)

A

allow movement

42
Q

microtubules (cytoskeleton)

A

framework for organelle and vesicle movement

43
Q

Intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton)

A

provide mechanical support

44
Q

nuclear pores

A

allow large molecules to pass

45
Q

nucleolus

A

is the region where ribosomal RNAs are synthesized

46
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain degradative enzymes

known as “garbage disposal” – break down waste material

47
Q

peroxisomes

A

degrade lipids and detoxify chemicals

48
Q

microbial growth

A

binary fission, budding (chromosome duplicated and place in the bud, separation occurs, spore formation (sexual or asexual)

49
Q

Lag phase ( Growth curve)

A

number of cells do not increase and cells begin synthesizing

50
Q

log phase (growth curve)

A

cells divide at constant rate and produce primary metabolites (amino acids) and secondary metabolites (antibiotics)

51
Q

stationary phase (growth curve)

A

nutrient levels too low to sustain, total numbers remain constant

52
Q

death phase (growth curve)

A

total number of viable cells decreases, cells die at a constant rate

53
Q

center of colony

A

depleted O2 and nutrients, accumulation of potentially toxic wastes

54
Q

edge of colony

A

little competition for O2 nutrients, cells at the edge may show exponential growth

55
Q

process of growth after inoculation

56
Q

Media types by physical state

A

Liquid, semi-solid, solid

57
Q

general purpose of media types

A

to grow as many potential microorganisms as possible

58
Q

enriched medium purpose of media types

A

contains complex organic substances or growth factors to grow microorganisms with special growth requirements

59
Q

selective media purpose

A

grow specific microorganisms, permitting rapid identification of a genus or even species of a target organism

60
Q

differential media types purpose

A

allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow but are designed to display visual differences among colonies

61
Q

aerobic microorganisms

A

Microorganisms that can survive and grow in oxygenated environments

62
Q

microaerophilic microorganisms

A

require lower oxygen concentrations

63
Q

anaerobic microorganisms

A

any microorganism that does not require oxygen to grow

64
Q

microbe isolation

A

process of separating one species from another

65
Q

direct cell counts: detecting microbial growth

A

total numbers (living and non-living)

66
Q

turbidity: detecting microbial growth

A

the cloudiness of liquid due to bacteria, measuring cell mass instead of numbers

67
Q

3 properties that microscopes have

A

magnification, resolution, contrast

68
Q

magnification

A

apparent increase in size

69
Q

resolution

A

Distinguishing magnified objects clearly

70
Q

contrast

A

determines how easily cells can be seen

71
Q

Microscopes available

A

light microscope (most commonly used in microbiology), electron microscope, scanning probe microscope

intro to microbiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions