Exam 1 Flashcards
homeostasis, cells, biomolecules, membrane transport
What are the types of feedback systems?
negative and positive
What does negative feed back do?
restores the change back to normal
What do feedback systems do?
detect change and respond to the change
what does positive feedback do?
enhances the change
what is the effector?
muscles and glands which bring out the desired response to restore the set point of controlled variable
what is the controlled variable?
factor held within a narrow range
what is the sensor?
monitors controlled variable for the set point, informs control center
what is the sensor also called?
receptor
what is a stimulus?
set point beyond the desirable range
what is the control center?
compares actual value to set point, if differed it will send a error signal
what is the control center also called?
integrator
what two parts does the control center consist of?
brain and spinal cord
what is the correct flow chart of the negative players?
stimulus→(detected)→sensor→(sends info)→(control center→(sends info)→effector (produces a response)
what does dehydration synthesis do?
combines small molecules into larger molecules (monomers into polymers)
does dehydration synthesis use or release energy?
uses
what is dehydration synthesis also called?
condensation
what does hydrolysis do?
turns large molecules into small molecules (polymers into monomers)
does hydrolysis use or release energy?
releases
what does a catabolic reaction do?
breaks down large molecules into small molecules
what are catabolic reactions also called?
hydrolysis
what does a anabolic reaction do?
builds up small molecules into larger molecules
what are anabolic reactions also called?
dehydration synthesis, condensation
what are the 4 different biomolecules?
carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acids (nucleotides)
what is the composition of carbohydrates?
C H O (in 1:2:1 ratio)
what are the different types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
what are the simple sugars?
monosaccharides, disaccharides
what are the complex sugars?
polysaccharides
what is the function of monosaccharides?
immediate energy source
what are the different types of monosaccharides?
triose (3 carbon sugars)
pentose (5 carbon sugars)
hexose (6 carbon sugars)
what are the different types of pentose?
ribose, deoxyribose
what are the different type of hexose?
glucose, fructose, galactose
what type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?
pentose (5 carbon sugars)
what is a glycosidic bond?
joining two monosaccharides together
what type of sugar are glucose, fructose, and galactose?
hexose (6 carbon sugars)
what is the function of disaccharides?
short termed energy source
what are the different types of disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what are maltose, sucrose, and lactose?
disaccharides
what is maltose made of?
two glucose
what is sucrose made of?
glucose and fructose
what is lactose made of?
glucose and galactose
what is the function of polusaccharides?
long term energy source
what are the different types of polysaccharides?
cellulose, starch, glycogen
cellulose characteristics
humans can not digest them
plants make up cellulose
cellulose is fiber
starch characteristics
made by plants
humans can digest
glycogen characteristics
made from animals
made and stored in liver and skeletal muscle of animals
what are polysaccharides made of ?
100s of glucose molecules
lipid composition?
C H O (not in 1:2:1 ratio)
what are the different types of lipids?
triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, prostaglandins
are lipids hydrophobic & non-polar or hydrophilic & polar?
hydrophobic & non-polar
triglycerides function?
long term energy source
what are triglycerides composed of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
how many H atoms does saturated fat (triglycerides) have?
max #
does saturated fat (triglycerides) have double bonds between carbon atoms?
no
does saturated fat (triglycerides) exist as a solid or liquid?
solid
how many H atoms does unsaturated fat (triglycerides) have?
not the max #
are there double bonds in unsaturated fat (triglycerides)?
yes
does unsaturated fat (triglycerides) exist as a solid or liquid?
liquid
what are phospholipids composed of?
a head and 2 fatty acid tails
what are the heads of phospholipids consisted of?
glycerol
phosphate group
characteristics of phospholipid head?
polar
hydrophilic
lipophobic
charged
characteristics of phospholipid FA chains?
non-polar
hydrophobic
lipophilic
uncharged
what does amphipathic mean?
has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
what is something called when it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts?
amphipathic
what is the key identifier of cholesterol?
4 interlocking rings
what does cholesterol do in the membrane?
stabilizes and adds fluidity
what products are made from cholesterol?
steroids, vitamin D, bile
what are the steroids in cholesterol?
there are hormones which are cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
what is the function of prostaglandins?
to signal other molecules
what are prostaglandins indentifiers?
one 5 carbon ring
two fatty acid chains
what does the nucleus do?
contains genetic info (DNA)
what does the Smooth ER do?
synthesizes lipids (makes triglyercides & cholesterol)
stores calcium ions
what is cytoplasm?
[intracellular fluid(ICF)]
what does the Rough ER do?
modifies proteins (protein synthesis)
what are ribosomes involved with?
protein synthesis (involved w/ rough er)
cell membrane function?
separates intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
what does the mitochondrion do?
generates ATP
what does the golgi apparatus do?
packages material from rough ER into secretory vesicles
what do lysosomes do?
contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted material
what do peroxisome do?
detoxify materials (via oxidation)
make hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
uses catalase to break down H2O2 into H2O
what does the nucleolus do?
manufactures ribosomal RNA
protein composition?
C H O N P S
what is the general structure of proteins?
central carbon
amino group
carboxyl group
R group (amino acid)
how are peptide bonds used in proteins?
links 2 amino acid together
what is the primary structure of a protein fold?
line of amino acids linked with peptide bonds
what is the secondary structure of a protein fold?
formed with H bonds of nearby amino acids
what is the tertiary structure of a protein fold?
attraction/repulsion of R groups
what is the quaternary structure of a protein fold?
interaction of multiple polypeptides
nucleic acids composition?
C H O N P
what is the structure of nucleic acids?
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group (1 or more)
What are the different nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimindines
how many rings does purines have?
double
how many rings does pyrimidines have?
single
types of purines?
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
types of pyrimidines?
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)
how are nucleic acids formed?
by linking nucleotides (multiple nucleotides put together)
what is ATP classified as?
nucleotide
what is membrane transport?
movement of solutes across the cell
what do carrier proteins do?
allow water soluble solute to go through transmembrane proteins with assistance
what do receptors do?
protrude towards ECF, ligands bind to them
What do enzymes do?
can protrude towards ECF or ICF, aid in catalyzing reactions
what do glycoprotein/glycolipids do?
serve as “identity markers”, allowing cells to recognize other cells, sugar protein is exposed to ECF
what do channel proteins do?
transmembrane protein that allows water soluble solutes to pass through without assistance
what are the three driving forces?
chemical
electrical
electrochemical
what is chemical driving force based on?
concentration (# of particles)
how does chemical driving forces move?
areas of high concentration to low concentration
what is electrical driving force based on?
charge of ion
what is electrochemical driving force based on?
combo of electrical and chemical
what is the direction of movement for simple diffusion?
high concentration to low concentration
what is direction of movement for facilitated diffusion?
high concentration to low concentration
what needs to happen in facilitated diffusion?
molecule moves passively across membrane with the help of transmembrane protein
what is osmosis?
diffusion of H2O
what is the solution in osmosis?
both solvent and solute
how does water move in osmosis?
high concentration of water to low concentration of water
what does osmosis require for movement across membrane?
aquaporin (transmembrane protein)
how does water move in tonicity?
high concentration to low concentration
hypotonic
lots inside cell
lots solute
isotonic
same amounts inside and outside of cell
hypertonic
little inside cell
little solute
types of active transport?
primary
active
how do solutes move in primary AND secondary active transport?
low concentration to high concentration
how do solutes move in secondary active transport?
both solutes move it the same time
types of secondary active transport?
symport
antiport
how does symport move?
both molecules move in same direction
how does antiport move?
solutes move in opposite directions
what is exocytosis?
moving stuff out of cell
what is endocytosis?
moving things into cell
types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated
what is phagocytosis?
movement of SOLID material into cell
what is pinocytosis?
movement of LIQUID (ECF) into a cell
what is receptor-mediated?
receptors bind to specific molecule in ECF
