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PSY 240 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

What are the central concepts behind social psychology?

A

1) Social Thinking - How are we constructing our social reality? perception, belief, judgments, attitudes
2) Social Influence - Our behavior is shaped by others, we shape others. culture, confirmation pressure, persuasion, groups
3) Social Relations - A lot of behavior is biological. prejudice, aggression, attraction, helping

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3
Q

Values and Social Psychology

A

Perspectives, special interests, values. We view reality through the lens of our beliefs and values.

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4
Q

Social Intuitions

A

We judge the likelihood of events by how easily they come to mind.

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5
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. We retell the narrative to have control.

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6
Q

Elements of Social Psychology Research

A

1) Forming and testing hypothesis
2) Sampling and question wording
3) Correlational Research
4) Experimental Research
5) Generalizing from laboratory to life.

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7
Q

Theory

A

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

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9
Q

Sample

A

The people who will participate in a study

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10
Q

Convenience Sample

A

People you sample because they are there.

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11
Q

Random Sample

A

one in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.

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12
Q

Sample Size

A

the number of participants in a study.

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13
Q

Key ideas when making surveys and questionaries.

A

Shouldn’t bias responses.
1) Order of questions
2) Wording
3) Framing

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14
Q

Framing

A

the way a question or issue is posed.

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15
Q

Correlational Research

A

Advantage: Examines variables in natural settings
Disadvantage: Interpretation of cause and effect is ambiguous.

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16
Q

How do we determine cause?

A

Condition - Treatment - Measure

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17
Q

Condition

A

Experimental vs Control

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18
Q

Treatment

A

Violent vs Non-Violent TV
Independent Variable

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19
Q

Measure

A

Aggression
Dependent Variable
Same for both groups

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20
Q

Experimental Research

A

A: Can explore Cause
D: Isn’t always feasible

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21
Q

Mundane Realism

A

The experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

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22
Q

Experimental Realism

A

The experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

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23
Q

Deception

A

Participants are misinformed or misled about methods or purposes.

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24
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

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25
Informed consent
Participants are aware of what they will be doing.
26
Debriefing
Researchers tell participants what the research was for and why.
27
Spotlight effect
the belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they really are.
28
Illusion of transparency
the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
29
Interplay between our sense of self and our social world
1) Social surroundings affect our self awareness 2) Self-concern motivates our social behavior 3) Self-interest colors our social judgement 4) Social relationships help define our sense of self
30
Self Concept
What we know and believe about ourselves
31
Self-Schema
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
32
Social Comparison
Evaluations of one’s options and abilities by comparing oneself with others
33
Looking-glass self
Our use of how we think or imagine others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
34
Individualism
the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
35
Independent self
Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self - as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams.
36
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly.
37
Interdependent self
Construing one’s identity as being fundamentally connected to other people
38
Independent (Individualistic)
1) Identity is…Personal, defined by individual traits and goals. 2) What matters? Me - personal achievements and fulfillment; my rights and liberties. 3) Disapproves of.. Conformity 4) Illustrative motto “To thine own self be true” 5) Cultures that support: Individualism Western
39
Interdependent (Collectivist)
1) Identity is… Social, defined by connections with others 2) What matters? We - group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships. 3) Disapproves of.. Egotism 4) Illustrative motto “No one is an island” 5) Cultures that support Collective Asian and Third World.
40
Collectivist Cultures - Self-Esteem
self-esteem is malleable (context-specific) rather than stable (enduring across situations).
41
Individualistic Cultures - Self-Esteem
self-esteem is more personal and less relational
42
Collectivist Cultures - Conflict
conflict takes place between groups
43
Individualistic Cultures - Conflict
breed more conflict (crime and divorce) between individuals
44
Intuitions - others
1) Intuitions shape fears, impressions and relationships 2) We intuitively judge the likelihood of events - often erroneously - by how easily they come to mind.
45
Planning Fallacy
the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task. People’s self-predictions are often wrong.
46
Affective forecasting
predicting how we will feel about future emotional events.
47
Impact Bias
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
48
Dual attitude system
automatic, implicit attitudes regarding someone or something often differ from consciously controlled, explicit attitudes.
49
The wisdom and Illusions of Self-Analysis
Analyzing why we feel the way we do can actually make our judgements less accurate.
50
Self-Knowledge: Predicting our Feelings
People have a tendency to neglect the speed and strength of their coping mechanisms.
51
Implications of self-reporting
1) Limits to our self-knowledge is an important research concern: Self-reports are often untrustworthy 2) Keeping our potential for error in mind can help us feel less intimidated by other and become less gullible.
52
Self-Esteem
1) a person's overall self-evaluation on or sense of self-worth 2) Can be threatened by failure or an unflattering comparison with someone else.
53
Terror management theory
proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
54
Low Self-esteem
1) More vulnerable to anxiety, loneliness, eating disorders, and intentional self-harm 2) Experience more problems in life
55
High Self-esteem
1) Fosters initiative, resilience, and pleasant feelings 2) Does NOT guarantee success
56
Self-efficacy
1) a sense that one is competent and effective - how competent we feel on a task. 2) Leads us to set challenging goals and to persist. 3) Grows with hard-won achievements
57
Locus of Control - Internals
1) Rewards and punishments produced by own actions 2) “Can do” mentality 3) Active, controlling approach to life
58
Locus of Control - Externals
1) Rewards and punishments happen independently of self 2) Sense of helplessness 3) Passive, helpless, fatalistic approach to life
59
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
60
Explaining Positive and Negative Events
1) Attribute success to ability and effort. 2) Attribute failure to external factors.
61
Self-Serving Attributions
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
62
Unrealistic Optimism
1) Optimism predisposes a positive approach to life. 2) Most humans are more disposed to optimism than pessimism 3) Optimism beats pessimism in promoting self-efficacy, health, and well-being 4) Illusory optimism increases our vulnerability.
63
Defensive pessimism
the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivates effective
64
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
65
False Uniqueness Effect
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

PSY 240 (1 decks)

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