Exam 1 Flashcards
Why do brighter colored animals get more mates
Shows physical fitness
What is evolutionary theory used for
Understanding behaviors
How and why questions
Proximate= cause of something, ultimate
Fitness
the number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations
What does fitness require
Reproduction and survival
Fitness is only used within what
A species- cant compare two species
Karl Von Frisch did what
Discovered the waggle dance in bee communication
Konrad Lorenz
Studied imprinting in geese
Nokolaas tinbergen
Developed 4 questions - look at how a behavoir has changed over generations, genetics
Developmental questions
how and when behavoir develops during the course of an animals lifetime- naturally occuring on a rigid time schedule (important for survival or reproduction)
Learned behavoirs with no timeline
foor preferance as availability varies, social orders with new additions, prey species learning body language of predators hunting vs just moving
Proximate mechanisms questions
behavoir that is triggered by something - internal or external trigger
Functional consequences questions
why is the behavoir performed- adaptive- different from genetic development (how does it help them stay alive?)
Proximate causation
How does it work
Developmental
How did it develop
Anthropomorphism
Placing human traits and emotions on non human things- interpreting behavoir in terms of human experience
Motor level
what an animal is doing at a point in time (suckling, running)
Functional level
more than one action pattern directed towards a function (maternal care, courtship)
Abstract level
Mental states (described by action patterns, fearfulness, hunting)
Teleology
Assuming animals are able to forsee the end result of their behavoir
Stimuli
Something presented by one animal with the intention of communicating information to another
Cue
Something an organism can use as a guide for information
Observational research
Field study or other observations of animals in which you leave them alone
Experimental research
conducting controlled experiments to test effects of different variables
Independent variables
Factors that the researchers manipulate
Dependent variables
The factor that changes in response to the independent variable
Event
Short, quick behavoirs
States
Prolonged events
Behavoir data
Final measurements of the data taken at the end of it all
Sampling methods
Ways to obtain data
Latency
the time from some specified event to 1st occurence of a behavoir
Frequency
The number of occurences of behavoir pattern per unit of time
Duration
length of time for which a single occurence of that behavoir lasts
Intesnsity
measure of a strenght of a behavoir
Instinct
All behavoir can be explained as instinct or reason- behaviors you expect from a species
3 rules of instinct behavoir
Behavoir that was stereotyped for the species, developed normally for animals in isolation, developed despite a lack of practice
Innate
Behavpirs which are believed to have a relativley strong genetic component and low response threshold for behavoir
Fetal programming
envoirnemnt can affect genetic expression
Knock out genes
A single gene that can be removed to affect the organism
Behavoir facts
Associated with many genes, complex, rare if coded by a single gene
Pleiotropy
Connected effects within genes
What is hybrid offspring intermediate to
The parent strains
Hybrid is better than both parents
Results in hybrid vigor, helps counter the effects if inbreeding
Artifcial selection is often only applied to what
A single trait, occurs prior to reproduction
Natural selection
after mating, how many individuals are left in the next generation
Artificial selection may select against what
Natural selection
Maternal effects
If both males and females act like the mother
Cross fostering
move offspring to foster off of mother of opposite tpe
Sex linkage
When two F1 progeny groups produced by reciprocal cross breeding of breeds of a given species exhibit behavoiral differences in one sex only
Correlated effects
Artifical selection for one trait inadvertently may effect another trait through the process of pleiotrophy
Domestication (evolutionary process and natural phenomenon)
Result of genetic selection and single biggest result is behavior- does not happen in isolation
Pliotrophy
Selection for one trait influences the other trait, connection between genes
Neoteny
Retention of juvenile traits into adulthood, common in domestication
What is domestication focused on
Human management ease
Social structure
Must be stable, live in a group, mate with different partners
Precocial young
(quickly mature offspring)
Ingestive behavior and adaptive to change
Non competitive with humans
Tame vs genetic
Trained to tolerate humans, all population tolerates humans (tame does not mean domesticated)
What have we selected for
Increased efficiency
