Exam 1 Flashcards
prevents disease, prolong life, promote health through community effort
public health
extends the effort of public health through government and private efforts
community health (ex: Red Cross)
what is the difference between public health and community health?
public health- promotes health through COMMUNITY effort aka preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized community efforts
community health- extends public health through government & private efforts
what is a factor used to measure the health of the community?
health promotion
what are some examples of determinants of health? what is the main determinant & why?
main determinant is health care assess bc it influences your health positively or negatively
other examples: air/water quality, housing situation, green space, roadways, biology, policies
Who conducted a community assessment and analysis w/ in depth research? also focused on environmental determinants of health like sanitation & ventilation
Florence Nightingale
Who established Visiting Nurses Association in NYC?
Lillian Wald
who was the first nurse to conduct community assessment and analysis?
Florence Nightingale
this is the root cause of disease instead of symptoms
upstream thinking
this is a microscopic theory of self care that says the person is responsible for their own self care & it reflects within their health on their own/behaviors
**nursing is a response to a sick person’s inability to administer self care
Orem’s theory of self care
what does it take for a theory to be useful in public health nursing?
it needs to apply to many populations
what is Milio’s framework for prevention?
it’s macroscopic theory, like prevention
ex: vaccinations
what are the 2 models/theories that use up & downstream approaches that make changes in the health care environment?
-critical interactionism
-milio’s framework for prevention
purpose of the windshield survey
-to show what’s available to the community & how it affects their health (assess the different communities)
-type of info gathered (homes, upkeep, stores, healthcare, green spaces, social areas, etc) shows how these people live
what is the purpose of community health diagnosis?
to help identify a problem and how to fix it
where do we get info about mortality and morbidity?
vital statistics
this is when community members take on a greater authority to create change
community empowerment
what does success of community intervention depend on?
community involvement
this is access, engaging, and understanding how to navigate healthcare environment & make health care decision
health literacy
what makes an adult learner?
-wants to know why
-readiness to learn
-life experience change how they view it (negative or positive)
-motivation to learn
how did the health belief model come about?
lack of attendance to a community TB screening …. this led researches wondering why nobody showed up!
what did the affordable care act bring to Americans?
-preexisting conditions were not discriminated against
-cap on payments
-free well visits & preventative visits
-free birth control
-initially required American’s to be enrolled in health care, but this is no longer the case
what is a determinant health behavior in the health belief model?
disease avoidance
this is an illness constantly present in the community
endemic
what is community empowerment based on?
strengths and assests
what is a predisposing factor in the PRECEDE
behavior & knowledge
what step in the health planning model compares the aggregate w/ the norm?
assessment
how does the nurse ensure effective health education / health care promotion?
must know the pt’s needs
immunizations are an example of this prevention
primary prevention - prevents before illness starts
screening for cancers is an example of this prevention
secondary - early detection
medications and surgery are examples of this type of prevention
tertiary - treatment for prevention of further complications
this is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities.
health
what is the goal of community/public health?
to maintain or preserve the overall health of the community members
extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts
community health
public health is the science and art of what 3 things?
-preventing disease
-prolonging life
-promoting health & efficiency through organized community effort
what level of prevention is the prevention of problems before they occur? it is also health promotion & health protection
primary prevention
what level of prevention is early detection and intervention? it’s an early diagnosis and treatment phase
secondary prevention
what level of prevention is the correction & prevention of deterioration of a disease state? it’s the limitation of disability & rehabilitation
tertiary prevention
education is an example of what type of prevention
primary
lab work, mammograms, and scoliosis exams are examples of what type of prevention
secondary
medication management, checking blood sugar & blood pressure is an example of what type of prevention
tertiary
HIV testing & papsmears are what type of INDIVIDUAL prevention
secondary
skin care for incontinent patients is what type of INDIVIDUAL prevention
tertiary
teaching new clients w/ diabetes how to administer insulin is an example of what type of INDIVIDUAL prevention
tertiary
teaching dietary during pregnancy & immunizations is an example of what type of INDIVIDUAL prevention
primary (health promotion!)
dental exams & TB testing for family at risk is an example of what type of FAMILY prevention
secondary
adequate housing is an example of what type of FAMILY prevention
primary
mental health counseling or referral for family in crisis is an example of what type of FAMILY prevention
tertiary
dietary instructions & monitoring for family w/ overweight members is an example of what type of FAMILY prevention
tertiary
education regarding dental care or nutritional counseling is an example of what type of FAMILY prevention
primary
birthing classes for pregnant teens is an example of what type of GROUP prevention
primary
AIDS & other STD education for high school students are examples of what type of GROUP prevention?
secondary
vision screening of 1st grade class is an example of what type of GROUP prevention?
secondary
hearing tests at a senior center is an example of what type of GROUP prevention?
secondary
group counseling for grade school children w/ asthma is an example of what kind of GROUP prevention?
tertiary
swim therapy for physically disabled elders at a senior center is what type of GROUP prevention
tertiary
mental health services for military veterans is what type of GROUP prevention
tertiary
alcoholics anonymous & other self help groups is an example of what type of GROUP prevention
tertiary
fluoride water supplementation is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
primary
environmental sanitation is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
primary
removal of environmental hazards is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
primary
organized screening programs for community such as health fairs is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
secondary
VDRL (syphillis screening) for marriage license applicants in a city is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
secondary
lead screening for children by school district is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
secondary
shelter & relocation centers for fire or earthquake victims is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
tertiary
emergency medic al services is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
tertiary
community mental health services for chronically mentally ill is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
tertiary
home care services for chronically ill is an example of what type of COMMUNITY prevention?
tertiary
this kind of thinking equates to prevention … it’s where the real problem lies
upstream
this kind of thinking examines the origins of disease, nurses identify social, political, environmental, and economic factors that often lead to poor health options for both individual and populations
thinking upstream
prevention vs cure
spending money on prevention saves money and improves health, cure is expensive and does little to improve health of population
what are the 3 core public health functions?
- assessment (monitor, diagnose, research)
- assurance (protect health/ensure safety, link people, health care workforce, evaluate effectiveness)
- policy development (inform, mobilize, develop policies based on research)
Community members take on a greater authority to create change
community empowerment
Success of community intervention is based on
community involvement
purpose of community health diagnosis
clearly states the community’s problem & how to come up w/ a plan & implement
what does it take for a theory to be useful for public health nursing
different populations must be able to use it, broad scope
she established Henry Street Settlement, “one of helping ppl to help themselves”
& established public health nursing in the US aka Visiting Nurses Association of NYC
Lillian Wald
what is aggregate of people
the “who”, community shares personal characteristics & Risks
what does a Needs assessment determine?
areas for improvement
this focuses on prevention, NOT curing it
thinking upstream
downstream vs upstream thinking
downstream- cure
upstream - prevention
microscopic vs macroscopic focus
microscopic = individual pt, like their behaviors
macroscopic = society/economic factors
this model focuses on the individual as the focus of change, it helps develop understanding of factors that influence preventive health behaviors
health care belief model
this model focuses on preventing health problems through a focus on health choices
milio’s framework for prevention
Combining the individual and community theoretical frameworks to collectively accomplish goals (both upstream & downstream approach)
critical interactionism
this theory explores myriad biopsychosocial factors that influence individuals to pursue health promotion activities but does not include threat as a motivator as a threat may not be a motivating factor for clients in all age groups
Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM)
this theory provides basis for health education & promotion today. Originally attempted to explain why public failed to participate in a screening for TB but can be extrapolated to other screenings. Has several constructs such as perceived seriousness, susceptibility, benefits of treatment, barriers to treatment, etc that relate to the client’s perception.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
***microscopic theory!
refers to behaviors that prevent or detect disease and maximize
health protection
these include biology, behaviors, social environment, physical environment, policies and interventions, and access to high-quality health
determinants of health
this is the probability that a specific event will occur
risk
these are exposures associated w/ a disease
risk factors
this is a systematic way of identifying risks from potentially harmful exposure
risk assessment
4 steps of health planning model
-assessment
-planning
-intervention
-evaluation
PRECEDE model
Predisposing
Reinforcing
Enabling
Constructs
in Ecosystem
Diagnosis
and Evaluation
**Assess for the diagnostic and planning process to assist in the
development of focused public health programs.
PROCEED model
Policy
Regulatory
Organizational
Constructs
in Educations
and Environmental
Development
**Guides the implementation and evaluation of the programs.
these are defined or formed by natural and/or human-made boundaries and includes cities, counties, states, and nations.
geopolitical communities
these are relational, interactive groups, such as, schools, colleges synagogues, and mosque.
Phenomenological communities
orem vs milio
orem - microscopic (self care needs)
milio - macroscopic (focuses on prevention)
