Exam 1 Flashcards
Define
Catabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking complex molecules into simple ones
Define
Anabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize complex molecules out of simple ones
Define
Osmosis
Movement of water through a menbrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
Define
Diffusion
The movement of a substance from a high concentrtion to a low cincentration
Define Negative Feedback
when the end product of a reaction inhibits the reaction from starting again
this is most reactions, especially in animal cells
if a word ends in “-ose” what is it most likely to be?
a sugar
if a word ends in “-ase” what is it most likely to be?
an enzyme
What are the four emergent properties of water?
-Versatility as a solvent
- coheasive behavior
- expanding when frozen
- high specific heat
What is the relationship between valence shells and atom reactivity?
Atoms with full shells are stable
List the essential elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
List the trace elements
Sulphur, phosphorous, potassium, calcium
What bond is the strongest, and is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Covalent
nonpolar- hydrophobic
polar-hydrophilic
What bond has medium strength?
Ionic bonds
Cation-positive charge
Anion - negative charge
What bond is the medium-strong?
Hydrogen
What bond is the weakest?
Van der waals interactions
What is chemical equilibrium?
When both sides of a reaction occur at the same rate
What is pH?
pH is acidity
What are the most common elements that carbon forms bonds with?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
An enzyme moving a phosphate group from one organic molecule to another
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
input: Glucose + ATP
Output: 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP
Define concentration gradient
An area of high concentration and an area of low concentration seperated by a semi-permeable membrane
List the types of molecules that can pass through a membrane
Nonpolar molecules, steroids, and gasses
What types of molecules are cell membranes made of?
Lipids and proteins
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Peripheral proteins (bonded to membrane surface)
Integral proteins (penetrate hydrophobic core)
Which transport proteins facillitate passive transportation?
Channel proteins
How much ATP is invested into cellular respiration, and how much is yeilded?
two ATP in, four ATP out
Which part of cellular respiration is anaerobic?
Glycolysis
Define Allosteric regulation
when a molecule binds to an enzyme and changes its shape. This can either activate or deactivate the enzyme
What is metabolism?
the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
Define energy
The capacity to cause change
what are the two types of energy?
Kinetic - motion energy
Potential - energy stored in molecular structure
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy can never be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Spontaneous changes increase entropy in the universe
In biology, what does “spontaneous” mean?
Requiring no additional energy to occur
What is DeltaG?
Change in free energy
What is the substrate in glycolysis?
Glucose
What is the main product of oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP
Which functional group is mainly alcohols
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
what are fats made of?
glycerol and fatty acids
Which functional group has a phosphate?
Phosphate group (-OPO3 ^2-)
Which functional group turns molecules acidic?
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
which functional group has the ending (-CH3)
Methyl group
which functional group has the ending (-O)
Carbonyl group
define elecronegativity
an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
Define exergonic
A spontaneous release of energy
Define endergonic
A non-spontaneous absorbtion of energy from its surroundings
what is energy coupling?
The use of an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic one
what is activation energy and what do enzymes do to it?
Activation energy is the amount of energy required for a reaction to start. Enzymes lower this energy barrier
what are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?
Competative inhibitors compete for the active site on an enzyme, noncompetative inhibitors bind to another place on the enzyme
