EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
views of infancy
A
NATURISM: things were born with
- preformed: we know when were born eg. babbling
- predetermined: not there when born but show up later on schedule eg. walking
EMPIRICISM: born with capacity to learn, need environment exposure
PIAGET CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY: born with innate mechanisms but not knowledge structures which are constructed
GIBSONS ECOLOGICAL THEORY: organism/enviornment system, infant is active seeker of information, active in own development
2
Q
function of infant development
A
- initially max energy intake ro fuel growth
- energy budget: max energy going in, minimize what goes out
- limited by inability to obtain fuel on own and control over some basic bodily functions
- once limitations overcome, cognitive advancement and socialization are possible
3
Q
Looking paradigms
A
- preferential looking: 2 stimuli, measure preference of stimuli
- habituation: familiarize 1 stimulus and test with different one, measure looking time to stimulus during habituation and test. might take different number of trials developing on infant
-kelman and spike: what capacity can infants see things as whole - familiarity/novelty preference paradigm: components of preferential looking and habituation, familiarize initial stimulus, test is similar to preferential looking
4
Q
visual evoked potentials (VEP)
A
- electrodes placed on head measure light rays
- 1st present grey field, then present pattern
- get response if can discriminate pattern
5
Q
correlational
A
relation of 2 variables, at least 1 cant be manipulated
6
Q
experimental
A
cause and effect conclusions, ind. variable manipulated, effect on dep. variable measured
7
Q
longitudinal
A
same subject studied repeatedly at different ages. 2 questions.
1. stability
2. early experiences effect later development
8
Q
cross-sectional
A
study children at different ages to examine differences in behaviour at different ages.
9
Q
micro genetic
A
examine small group at age when major development
problem: repeated testing
10
Q
habituation vs. novelty preference
A
habituation: 50% decrease, 1 stimulus at test, compare test performance to pre-test
novelty preference: pre set # of trials, 2 stimulus at test, compare test performance of each stimulus to each other
11
Q
stage 1
A
- zygote (conception-2 weeks)
- cells multiply by mitosis
- cells differentiate and specialize into cells
- implants in uterus
12
Q
stage 2
A
- embryo (3-8 weeks)
- 3 layers of cells: endodermal (internal organs) ectodermal (outermost, skin) mesodermal (middle, heart, bones)
13
Q
stage 3
A
- 9-38 weeks
- fetus
- facial features
14
Q
how teratogens act
A
- genetic sensitivity
- temporal sensitivity
- effect specificity (thalidomide produce limb effects)
- severity
- method of access (radiation vs chemicals
- dosage effects (no caffeine, chocolate, herbal tea)
15
Q
types of disorders
A
- rubella: low birth weight
- herpes: CNS
- HIV: facial deformities
- Zika: microcephaly
- syphillis: prematurity
16
Q
birth process
A
- contractions in uterus to stitch and dilate cervix and baby moves down canal
- push and deliver baby
- mother delivers placenta
17
Q
prenatal learning
A
- infants suck pacifier to hear mothers voice
- fetus learns prosody
18
Q
effect of delivery process and birth
A
- squeeze of baby brain during labor potentially affect release of neurotransmitters and wiring of brain
- going through birth canal may expose baby to bacteria that seeds gut microbiome
- C-section doesnt expose this to babies
19
Q
dynamic systems theory
A
behaviour emerge as result of multiple independent systems
20
Q
ecological systems theory
A
social ans cultural context influence development
21
Q
genotype
A
makeup of individual
22
Q
phenotype
A
observable characteristics or traits
23
Q
homozygous
A
same alleles express trait
24
Q
heterozygous
A
different allele for gene
25
inheritance patterns
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT: 1 allele seen in phenotype, other silent, widows peak
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE: 2 silent alleles needed to express, sickle-cell anemia
CODOMINANCE: 2 dominant alleles expressed, blood type, phenotype differs from both parents
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE: blend of 2 alleles expressed, hair colour
26
twins
MONOZYGOTE: identical twins, zygote splits in 2 during 1st days of pregnancy, same chromosomes
DIZYGOTE: fraternal, 2 eggs released and fertilized by different sperm, unique set
27
gene environment correlations
PASSIVE GENE ENVIORNMENT: characteristics of parents and child are similar
EVOCATIVE GENE ENVIORNMENT: characteristics of child elicit or evoke environments that support genetic traits
ACTIVE GENE ENVIORNMENT: child seeks out environments or experiences that support genetic traits
28
process of brain development
NEUROGENESIS: creation of new neurons from stem cells (3rd and 15th week of rental development)
CELL MIGRATION: migration of newly formed neurons from ventricular or sub ventricular zone to final home (4 weeks after connectors to 6 months after conception)
SYNAPTOGENESIS: loss of synapse due to lack of use or cell death (20 weeks after conception)
MYELINATION: formation of fatty sheath on neuronal axis to facilitation conduction of electrical signals (5 months post conception
29
types of plasticity
EXPERIENCE EXPECTANT: brain adapts to presence or absence of experience typical of human experience
EXPERIENCE DEPENDENT:individual differences in brain organization and structure develop from idiosyncratic differences in experience
30
Piaget constructivism
infants perception develops from their experience through constructive process, learn about how to visually perceive objects through exploring and acting on them
31
perceptual development
VISUAL PREFERENCE: measure infants visual perception
VISUAL HABITUATION: as infants learn or form memory of a stimulus, looking time decreases to habituates
VISUAL PAIRED COMPARISON: similar to habituation procedure
32
assessing visual acuity in infants (amount of detail you can see)
PREFERENCE ACUITY CARDS: measure looking behaviour to presented pattern and grey field, identify detail that infants show preference for
OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS (OKN): measure reflexive eye movement to moving pattern, identify finest detail that elicits reflexive eye movement
VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL (VEP): measure electrical activity produced by brain when presented with patterned stimuli, identify finest detail that elicits reflexive eye movement
33
colour vision
infants cones are short and stubby, less densely packed in fovea, inefficient at detecting light
34
types of depth cues
KINEMATIC CUES: 1 month, increase and decrease in size, as objects move close they get bigger
BINOCULAR CUES: 4 months, each eye has slightly different view of world
MONOCULAR CUES: 7 months, size, objects closer are bigger
35
aspects of attention
ORIENTING: directing attention or gaze to object
SELECTING: choosing information to attend to or process and filtering or ignoring other available information
MAINTAINING: continuing to attend to some information, resisting pull of other information
36
measure attention
COVERT: attend something without looking at it, monitor visual environment
SELECTIVE: cluttered visual world
37
reflexes
BABINKSI: foot stroked, big toe turns
GRASPING: palm stroked, hand grasps
STARTLE: loud sound or sudden movement, extend arms
ROOTING: cheek stroked, turn head
STEPPING: feet touch surface, walking motion
SUCKING: roof of mouth, begin to suck
TONIC NECK: head turns to side, arm on side of head stretched out
38
Goal of perceptual development
To build coherent knowledge base of the world
-obtain necessary information
-integrate that information
- use that information to acct
39
Goal of basic visual functioning
- World is made up of objects
- objects made up of features
- need to see features
40
Basic visual functioning
-Processing information undergoes rapid development in infancy
- vision works by processing information about spatial environment
- these sensory processes can be related to developing nervous system
41
visual acuity
- tested with preferential looking and VEP
- VEP gives better acuity measures
- acuity levels off after 6 months and reaches adult level by 1 year
42
vernier acuity
- grating acuity is superior
- after a year vernier development accelerates and by 5yeas surpass grading
- measures ability to detect misalignment or positional offset between visual stimul
43
contrast sensitivity
-concerned with amount of brightness difference between light and dark regions
- sensitivity increase during early infancy
- peak shifts to higher spatial frequencies
- axon of retinal ganglion cells have myelin sheath still developing
- lateral geniculate continue to develop responds to higher frequencies
44
orientation selectivity
- pattern of light and dark in image of the world
- VEP changed at 6 weeks of age
45
eye movements
saccades: localized stationary objects, 1 month infant localize intended targets, 3 months predictive saccades can be made
pursuit: track moving objects, difficult to detect in infants younger than 2 months, by 6 months able to track reliably
46
at risk infants
- exposed to teratogens
- poverty
- teen mom
- unmarried
- mom with no high school degree
- low birth weight
- C-section
47
low birth weight
- pre-term and small for gestational age
- trouble breathing, poor muscle tone, later behavioural and academic problems
48
newborn assessment methods
APGAR exam: measure heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, skin colour, reaction to mild stimulus
Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination: 3 months of age, 26 measures
49
APGAR
- 0-10 scale
- assessed at birth
- scores below 4 are considered at risk
50
APGAR signs and points
ACTIVITY:
- 0 absent
- 1 arms and legs flexed
- 2 active movement
PULSE:
- 0 absent
- 1 <100bpm
-2 >100bpm
GRIMACE:
- 0 no response
- 1 grimace
- 2 sneeze, cough, pulls away
APPEARANCE:
- 0 blue/gray, pale
- 1 normal, except extremities
- 2 normal over whole body
RESPIRATION:
- 0 absent
-1 slow, irregular
- 2 good, crying
51
APGAR links and predictions
- prenatal drug exposure, lower scores
- C-section, lower scores
- lower scores dont predict physical growth and development at 6 months
- low score is predictive of physical growth and ability at 4.5 years
52
HINE (Hammersmith infant neurological exam)
assessment of movement
- quantity: infant lying in supine
- quality: infants spontaneous voluntary motor activity during course of assessment
assessment of cranial nerve function
- facial appearance
- eye movement
- visual response
- auditory response
- sucking/swallowing
53
brazelton neonatal behavioural assessment scale
4 categories
- attention
- physical movement
- alertness, habituation, irritability, excitability
- physiological response to stress
54
Brazelton NBAS links
PRETERM INFANTS:
- lower threshold for attentional stimulation
- allow mothers to view test results in better outcome
COCAINE EXPOSED:
- lower scores
- lower habituation score
2 Factors: attention/orientation, personality
55
NBAS problems
- low test restest reliability
- not consistent with later developmental status
- not well correlated with score after few months
56
sleep/wake development
- total sleep decreases with age
- % of time in REM sleep also decreases grin 50% in 1st month to 20% in adults
57
sleeping and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
- vulnerable most 2-4 months
- causes not known
- factors: sleep position, soft bedding, overheating, maternal smoking
58
states of alertness
Quiet sleep: no eye movement and activity
Active sleep: REM, irregular breathing, smooth physical movements
Drowsiness: responses delayed, stimulation causes state change
Alert inactivity: eyes open, focused attention, little activity
Alert Activity: eyes open, stimulation causes increased activity
Crying: high level of motor activity
59
important reflexes
ROOTING: disappears around 3 months
PALMAR: disappears around 4 months
STEPPING: disappears around 2.5. months
60
early behaviours
- looking
- sucking
- crying, crying-produced forgetting
61
motor progression
- proximodistal: control close to body
- cephalocaudal: head to foot
62
standing and walking
- sequence based on progression principles of proximodistal and cephalocaudal
- follows regular sequence for most infants
63
nature/nurture of motor development
- African walk earlier
- some asian walk later
- irrespective of culture, timing of talking is influenced by experience, tummy time
64
thelens dynamic systems approach
- infants use and adapt behaviours to complete environmental task
- get infants to kick both legs simultaneously to make mobile move
- attached legs together, kicking is more efficient
65
further motor development
- after 2 years: refinement, stability, coordination
- running, jumping, skipping, climbing, throwing, catching, hitting
66
further physical growth
- M and F have same average height until 10
- F taller than M for few years
- affected by nutrition and disease
67
function of motor development
- locomotion enables perceptual development: spatial and 3D perception, perception of heights and fear of them
- prehension enables exploration of objects and direct manipulation of environment
68
visual cliff (gibson and walk)
- young locomote to shallow side and avoid deep side even if mom calls from deep
- suggestion that crawling under determines avoidance of deep side
- once develop fear of heights and gain depth perception, won’t crawl
