Exam 1 Flashcards
demagogue
a speaker who manipulates an audience & distorts evidence
rhetoric
“art of persuasion;” excludes force; grounded in choice; considers ethics; dynamic & developing
common elements of rhetoric
speaker, message, audience
classical era
5th century BCE - 4th century AD; Greece & Rome; grammatical approach (form and patterns); focus on speaker
18th century
England & Scotland; psychological approach (audience’s perception & interpretation); focus on audience
contemporary era
1920s - present; U.S., moved to Europe & China; sociological approach (inherent human ability to manipulate & understand symbols); focus on message
polis
Greek city-state; shares language & identity
metic
a respected outsider in a polis; i.e. Aristotle in Athens
geography of Greece
temperate climate; navigation allowed for information sharing & shared understanding
Greek cultural assumptions
belief in reason; responsibility to participate in government (free men); sensitivity to form & pattern; respect for human dignity & freedom
arete
excellence; started as military, grew to include people, possessions, city-states, etc.
dike
justice
kakos
harm, injury
delios
cowardice
agora
marketplace
Greek identity
things as organic wholes; excess leads to chaos
epideictic
ceremonial speech; i.e. funeral oration
deliberative
governmental, legislative speech
forensic/judicial
legal speech
pre-Socratics
intellectuals before Socrates; only fragments of their writings exist; tried to explain origin of universe, what constitutes logic & truth
epistemological
study of knowledge
ontological
who we are in relation to others
Thales
believed water was the origin of the universe
Anaximenes
believed air was the origin of the universe
Heracleitus
believed fire was the origin of the universe; constant change; nothing can be known through observation, so you must rely on logical thought
Empedocles
believed love & hate were fundamental emotions; developed organized & reasoned arguments
Pythagoras
math & numbers were the keys to the universe; introduced idea of the soul
Anaximander
believed in order, structure, and law-governed societies
Xenophanes
developed critique & rebuttal; influenced Socrates & Plato
Parmenides
relation between the way of truth & the way of opinion; opinions based on senses don’t lead to truth
Sophists
paid, traveling teachers of rhetoric; constant outsiders; taught truth, not Truth; hated by Plato; our knowledge of them is biased
4 stages of Sophist speeches
poem, narration, confirmation/refutation, peroration
Corax & Tsias
teacher & student; wrote a theory of rhetoric; introduced probability of one argument succeeding over another
techne
art of rhetoric
nomoi
laws & customs of a polis; Sophists taught different places had different nomoi
Protagoras of Abdera
first self-declared Sophist; “man is the measure of all things”
Gorgias of Leontini
metic to Athens; recognized for use of figures of speech; lost to Socrates in battle of wits
Isocrates
student of Gorgias; teacher
Pericles
student of Gorgias; recognized for funeral orations
Thacydides
student of Gorgias; historian
encomium
speech of praise
nous
mind
things to blame instead of Helen/rhetoric
fate, force, persuasion, love
