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PHM 508 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

ANS and Gastro

1
Q

What is the function of the ANS?

A

controls involuntary bodily functions (heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, glandular activity)

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2
Q

What are the key components of the ANS?

A

ganglia, pre-ganglionic neurons, post-ganglionic neurons

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3
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by pre-ganglionic neurons in the ANS?

A

ACh

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?

A

NE (NA), except in sweat glands (ACh)

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5
Q

What is the primary function of parasympathetic nervous system activation?

A

rest and digest - decreased HR, promotes digestion, constricts pupils

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6
Q

What are adrenergic receptors, and what do they respond to?

A

receptors for NE (NA) and E, including alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2

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7
Q

How does sympathetic activation affect the heart?

A

increases HR (tachycardia) and contractility

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8
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on the heart?

A

slows HR (bradycardia) and reduces conduction speed

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9
Q

What is the role of the LES?

A

controls food entry into the stomach and prevents acid reflux

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10
Q

What is the cause and symptom of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

sympathetic nerve damage to the eye causing miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis (no sweating)

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11
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

autoimmune disorder blocking ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing ptosis, diplopia, and muscle weakness

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12
Q

How does parasympathetic activation control the eye?

A

contracts the circular muscle, causing miosis (pupil constriction) and focuses the lens for near vision

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13
Q

What is the role of the accessory digestive organs?

A

aid in digestion but do not move food (e.g., teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

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14
Q

What is the alimentary canal and its function?

A

a continuous tube from mouth to anus responsible for digestion, absorption, and excretion of food

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15
Q

What is the function of the ENS?

A

regulates digestion through the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, controlling motility and secretion

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16
Q

What are the main digestive processes?

A

ingestion, propulsion, digestion (mechanical chemical), absorption, and excretion

17
Q

What is GERD and its main symptoms?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease caused by LES dysfunction, leading to heartburn, chest pain, and acid regurgitation

18
Q

What is the function of the LES?

A

prevents acid reflux by regulating food entry into the stomach

19
Q

What are the major layers of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa (absorption/secretion), submucosa (blood vessels/nerves), muscularis (food movement), serosa (protective outer layer)

20
Q

What is the function of saliva in digestion?

A

lubricates food, initiates carbohydrate digestion (via amylase), and protects the oral cavity

21
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

A

Activates enzymes (e.g., pepsin) to break down proteins and protect the stomach lining.

22
Q

What is Pepsin and its role?

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach.

23
Q

What is Achalasia?

A

A condition where the LES fails to relax properly, leading to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and regurgitation.

24
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in fat digestion by emulsifying fats.

25
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The main site for nutrient absorption, aided by digestive enzymes and bile.

26
Q

What is Celiac Disease?

A

An autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption due to gluten intolerance.

27
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing, stomach churning), while chemical digestion involves enzyme action to break down food components.

28
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

Peptic ulcers are caused by H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, or excessive acid production, leading to sores in the stomach or small intestine.

29
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

A

Produces digestive enzymes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate breakdown, and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids.

30
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic activation on the GI system?

A

Inhibits digestion, decreases motility, and constricts blood vessels in the GI tract.

31
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces for excretion.

32
Q

What is the significance of intrinsic factor in the stomach?

A

Essential for Vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine.

PHM 508 (1 decks)

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