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Cell Bio 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is unique about Glycine?

A

It is a side chain that consists only of H - atoms and can fit into either a hydrophilic or hydrophobic environment. Often resides at sites where two polypeptides come into close contact.

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2
Q

What is unique about Cysteine?

A

Can form a covalent bond with another cysteine to form a disulfide link. (Has polar, uncharged character).

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3
Q

What is unique about Proline?

A

Side chain has hydrophobic character and can create kinks in polypeptide chains, disrupting ordered secondary structures.

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4
Q

What is unique about NONPOLAR polypeptides?

A

Consists almost entirely of C and H atoms. These amino acids tend to make up the inner core of soluble proteins (inside the cell away from water).
- Associates with the lipid bilayer and is important for protein folding.

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5
Q

What are the nonpolar amino acids?

A

Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine (F), and Tryptophan (W).
- FILMWAV

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6
Q

What is unique about the POLAR UNCHARGED amino acids?

A

Their hydrophilic side chains tend to have partial + or - charge allowing them to participate in chemical reactions, form H-bonds, and associate with water.
- Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine have potential phosphorylation sites.

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7
Q

What are the polar uncharged amino acids?

A

Serine (S), Threonine (T), Glutamine (Q), Asparagine (N), and Tyrosine (Y).
- STQNY
(Stony with a Q)

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8
Q

What is unique about the POLAR CHARGED amino acids?

A
  • Hydrophilic side chains act as acids or bases, which tend to be fully charged (+ or -) under physiologic conditions.
  • Side chains form ionic bonds and are often involved in chemical reactions.
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9
Q

What are the polar charged amino acids?

A

Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E), Lysine (K), Arginine (R), and Histidine (H).

  • DEKRH
  • HERDK
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10
Q

What is a phospholipid and its function?

A

A diacylglycerol with a phosphate group. (2 fatty acid chains, glycerol backbone, and polar head group).

  • Amphipathic: hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
  • Found in the plasma membrane.
  • Can form lipid bilayers.
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11
Q

What is a lipid and its function?

A

A triglyceride: glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid tails. (FAT)

  • Long term energy storage in animals
  • Hydrophobic and won’t dissolve in water (non polar)
  • Not found in the plasma membrane.
  • Found in lipid droplets in the cytosol.
  • Ethanol can interact with hydrophobic things.
  • Saturated fatty acids (animal fats)
  • Unsaturated fatty acids are loosely packed (plant oil).
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12
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An important form of energy storage only made by animals.

  • Polysaccharide (many-sugars)
  • Highly branched chains of glucose.
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13
Q

What is starch?

A

Found only in plants and is also a form of energy storage.

  • Polysaccharide that humans can digest into glucose.
  • Helical arrangement of glucose.
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14
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Major component of plant cell walls.

  • Can be bundled together into tough fibers (structural role).
  • Humans cannot digest this.
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15
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Fructose + glucose

  • Carbohydrate
  • Oligosaccharides (oligo = few) = few sugars
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16
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Galactose + glucose

- Oligosaccharide

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Function primarily as a short-term, rapidly available energy source.

  • VS Fat reserves - store energy on a long-term basis.
  • EG. Glucose, fructose
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18
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

Cells that can be created to differentiate into various cell types.

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19
Q

What are ES?

A

Embryonic Stem Cells are a kind of pluripotent stem cells.

  • Pluripotent ES isolated from very young mammalian embryos blastocyst (structure).
  • Provided via in vitro fertilization clinics.
  • Ethical and Immune response issues due to foreign cells = major barrier for ES.
  • Can differentiate into neurons, fat cells, muscles.
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20
Q

What is iPS?

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

  • Use the patient’s skin cell, hair follicle, blood, and reprogram it using the Yamanata factors (4 genes OSKM).
  • This causes it to develop into undifferentiated pluripotent iPS cells.
  • The cells are treated to replace the defective gene with a normal copy and caused to turn back into normal blood stem cells in culture.
  • Finally, it is injected back into the diseased mouse and proliferates.
  • Can be used for neurons, fat cells, muscles.
  • Can be grown forever and created from own cells.
  • Not efficient, has traces of original origin, not “high quality” like ES.
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21
Q

What functions do ES and iPS hold?

A
  1. Biological Functions
  2. Disease Modeling
  3. Drug Screen
  4. Tissue Replacement
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22
Q

Describe the apical domain.

A

Layer closest to the lumen (intestines).

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23
Q

Describe the basolateral membrane.

A

Layer closest to the cytosol.

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24
Q

Is Phosphotidyl choline (PC) positive, neutral, or negative?

A

Neutral.

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25
Q

Is phosphotidyl serine (PS) positive, neutral, or negative?

A

Negative

26
Q

Is phosphotidyl ethanolamine (PE) positive, neutral, or negative?

A

Neutral

27
Q

Is phosphotidyl inositol (PI) positive, neutral, or negative?

A

Negative

28
Q

Describe the lipid asymmetry.

A 
Found only in the Exoplasmic: 
- SM, PC
Found only in the cytosolic:
- PS, PI
Found in both:
- PE, Cl
29
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

The Building blocks of membranes.

  • Polar hydrophilic head group
  • Nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
  • amphipathic
  • Found in the plasma membrane
30
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

Try to achieve the lowest energy state possible.

  • Contact with water = HIGH energy.
  • Bilayers allow smallest contact with water.
31
Q

Describe how the AB42 peptide could aggregate.

A

The amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), which contains the AB peptide is wrongly cleaved by Y-secretase and B-secretase.

32
Q

Features of Eukaryotic cells not found in prokaryotes.

A 
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Cytoskeletal system
Flagella and cilia
Phagocytes
Cellulose
RNA polymerases
33
Q

Features found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Plasma Membrane
DNA
Ribosomes
Proteasomes

34
Q

Describe the general features of triglyceride.

A
  • Hydrophobic/non polar.
  • Not found in plasma membrane (In cytosol)
  • Unsaturated (loosely packed) in plant oils
  • Saturated fatty acids in animal fats
35
Q

What is the goal of protein folding?

A

To find the lowest energy state (native conformation).

36
Q

What are secondary structures?

A

Alpha helix and Beta Sheet

- Held together by Hydrogen bonds.

37
Q

What holds Quaternary Structures?

A

Held together by intermolecular R group interactions.

38
Q

If RNase is denatured, what does it do?

A

It spontaneously folds into its native conformation.

39
Q

What does the DnaK chaperone system do?

A

Helps promote protein folding along with the Hsp70.

  • GrpE
  • DnaJ
40
Q

Explain HSR.

A

Heat Shock Response

  • Misfolded proteins undergo HSR.
  • Hsp70 (repressor) keeps HSF1 inactive as monomer.
  • When Hsp70 dissociates, HSF1 trimerizes (active) and enters the nucleus from the cytosol.
  • Binds to promoter site and induces Chaperones to help fold misfolded proteins.
41
Q

What happens in patients with Alzheimer’s?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques infest the nervous system.

42
Q

How does cholesterol affect phospholipids?

A

Can insert between the phospholipids and control the movement and affect physical properties.

43
Q

Describe peripheral proteins.

A

Binds to integral proteins or lipid bilayer.

  • Noncovalent bonds
  • No transmembrane proteins.
44
Q

Describe Lipid-anchored proteins.

A

Covalent bonds

- Contains transmembrane portion

45
Q

Describe integral proteins.

A

Exists within the hydrophobic sites of the lipid bilayer.

46
Q

Describe the cytosolic side (charge).

A

Negative on cytosolic side.

47
Q

What does the lumenal side mean?

A

Extracellular side of things.

48
Q

What is Doc2b?

A

A calcium regulated peripheral membrane protein.

49
Q

Describe the function of the apical plasma membrane.

A
  1. Regulation of nutrient and water intake
  2. Regulated secretion
  3. Protection
50
Q

Describe the function of the lateral plasma membrane.

A
  1. Cell contact and adhesion.

2. Cell communication

51
Q

Describe the function of the basal membrane.

A
  1. Cell-substratum contact

2. Generation of ion gradients

52
Q

What molecules experience simple diffusion?

A
  1. Small gases (O2 and CO2)
  2. Small polar molecules (H2O and Ethanol)
  3. Large hydrophobic molecules (Estrogen)
53
Q

What molecules must go through active transport/facilitated diffusion?

A 
Large polar molecules (glucose)
Charged molecules (amino acids, ions)
54
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

[solute]in > [solute]out

  • Net water gain
  • Cell swells
55
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

[solute]in < [solute]out

  • Net water loss
  • Cell shrinks
56
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

No net loss or gain

solute in = solute out

57
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

A water channel.

58
Q

Describe the Na+/K+ pump.

A
  • 3 Na+ out
  • 2 K+ in
  • Goes against conc. gradient.
  • Na+ conc. higher outside cell.
  • K+ conc. higher inside cell.
  • Uses 1 ATP
  • E1 configuration = high affinity for Na+
  • E2 configuration = high affinity for K+
  • Phosphorylation (by hydrolysis of ATP) causes conformation change from E1 to E2.
  • Dephosphorylation = E2 back to E1.
59
Q

What is the Potassium equilibrium potential?

A

-91mV

60
Q

What is the Sodium equilibrium potential?

A

+55mV

61
Q

Describe the general steps for a synaptic transmission.

A
  1. Nerve impulse from action potential to presynaptic cleft.
  2. Ca2+ gates open releasing calcium into presynaptic cleft.
  3. Vesicles with neurotransmitters fuse with presynaptic cleft.
  4. Release of neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft.
  5. Bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
  6. Repeat

Cell Bio 2 (21 decks)

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