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Embryo/Histo > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 Steps to Tissue Preparation?

A

Fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, embedding, trimming, staining, mounting

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2
Q

Fixation

A

Tissue samples are placed in chemical solutions that will reserve the cell and tissue structure

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

The tissue is placed in a cassette and then transferred through a series of concentrated alcohol to remove the water from the specimen

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4
Q

Clearing

A

The alcohol from the pervious step is removed using organic solution. Such as paraffin or another embedding medium

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5
Q

Infiltration and Embedding

A

The sample is placed in paraffin wax and becomes infiltrated with the substance. The sample is embedded in a mold with the wax.

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6
Q

Trimming

A

The paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue with a machine called a microtome

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7
Q

Staining

A

The sample is stained. Dyes stain material selectively and act like acids and bases

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8
Q

Mounting

A

Once the slide is stained it will be preserved by adding a protective glass coverslip over the tissue with a clear adhesive

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9
Q

Hematoxylin is a ____ dye that binds to _____ components of a tissue

A

basic; acidic

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10
Q

Hematoxylin has a _____ charge and will stain _____ charged structures blue

A

positive; negatively

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11
Q

Eosin is an ______ dye that binds to ______ components of a tissue

A

acidic; basic

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12
Q

Eosin has a _______ charge and will stain __________ charged structures pink/red

A

negative; negitively

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13
Q

Hematoxylin sticks to _________ structures

A

basophilic

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14
Q

Eosin sticks to __________ structures

A

acidophilic

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15
Q

What does Giemsa-Wright Stain do?

A

Stains red blood cells and white blood cells

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16
Q

What does Aspergillus stain do?

A

It is also known as silver stain, it is good for fungi and reticular fibres

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17
Q

What are periodic acid Schiff stains?

A

Stains carbohydrates and carbohydrate rich molecules a deep red colour

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18
Q

Toluidine blue will stain most things blue but _________ will stain purple

A

mast cells

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19
Q

Tissues are composed of

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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20
Q

Organs are composed of

A

paranchyma and stroma

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21
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

The cells that perform the main function of an organ

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22
Q

What is stroma?

A

Any tissue that isn’t doing the main function of the organ such as connective tissue

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23
Q

What are the 7 functions of epithelium?

A

covering or external surfaces, lining of internal surfaces, protection, absorption, secretion, sensation, contraction

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelium?

A

Covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

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25
Q

What does covering and lining epithelium do?

A

Covers the outer surfaces of the body

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26
Q

What does glandular epithelium do?

A

Contains specialized cells for secretion

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27
Q

What makes of the basement membrane?

A

The basal lamina and the reticular lamina

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28
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

It connects directly to the epithelial tissues and has 2 layers

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29
Q

What are the 2 layers of the basal lamina

A

lamina lucida and lamina densa

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30
Q

What does Lamina Lucida do?

A

Loosely connects to deep layer

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31
Q

What does Lamina Densa do?

A

It is a dense layer made of type IV collagen and perlecan

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32
Q

What is Perlecan?

A

It provides cross linkages to hold the basal lamina and reticular lamina together

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33
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

It connects the basal lamina to the underlying connective tissue

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34
Q

What 3 things make up the reticular lamina?

A

Reticular fibers, anchoring fibrils, and anchoring plaques

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35
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina

A

structure, organization and filtration

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36
Q

What is the order of intercellular junctions from most apical to basal

A

Zonula occludens or tight junctions, zona adherenes or adherens junctions, macula adherens or desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

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37
Q

What does the zonula occludens/tight junctions do?

A

Forms tight bands that will completely encircle each cell. The tight junctions fuse the membranes of adjacent cells to seal off the intercellular space

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38
Q

What are the 2 proteins that form tight junctions?

A

Claudins and occludins

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39
Q

What does the zonula adherens/adherens junctions do?

A

Forms bands that completely encircle the cell. Actin filaments in the cytoplasm insert into attachment plaques.

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40
Q

What are the 2 proteins that make up zonula adherens?

A

Cadherin and catenin

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41
Q

What are the Macula Adherens/Desmosomes ?

A

Spot adhesions between cells. Desmosomes on the adjacent cells line up and cytokeratin filaments insert into the attachment plaques that is in the cell membrane.

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42
Q

What are the 2 proteins that make up attachment plaques in the macula adherens?

A

Desmoplakin and plankoglobin

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43
Q

What protein can make a desmosome?

A

Cadherin

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44
Q

What are Hemidesmosomes?

A

It attaches to the epithelial cells to the basal lamina. Integrins attach the basal surface of the cell to the basal lamina

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45
Q

What are the proteins of the hemidesmosomes?

A

Integrins

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46
Q

What is a gap junction

A

It can occur anywhere along the lateral surface of the cells and are also found in many other types of cells. It allows ions and other small molecules to pass through to facilitate cellular communication

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47
Q

What protein makes up a gap junction?

A

Connexons - it has a central pore with connecting plasma membranes

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48
Q

Microvilli

A

Has a central core of actin filaments. They do not move and their main function is to increase the surface area of the cell.

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49
Q

What can be referred to as the brush border?

A

Microvilli

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50
Q

Cila

A

Hair like structures that comer off the apical cell. They are bigger than microvilli. They perform rapid beating patterns that move fluid and suspended matter in one direction along the epithelium

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51
Q

Sterocilia

A

Similar to microvilli but longer. Long non-motile projections. They function to assist in absorption

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52
Q

Where is sterocilia found?

A

Reproductive system and the inner ear

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53
Q

Simple Sqamous

A

One layer of flattened cells

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54
Q

Stratified Sqamous

A

Two or more layers of flattened cells

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55
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

One layer of cube shaped cells

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56
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

Two or more layers of cube shaped cells

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57
Q

Simple Columnar

A

One layer of the tall rectangular epithelium with nucleus in a horizontal line

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58
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

Two or more layers of the rectangular epithelium with nucleus in a horizontal line

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59
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

Rectangular layers of the epithelium but the nucleus does not line up

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60
Q

What are the 2 types of simple squamous cells?

A

Endothelium and mesothelium

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61
Q

What is endothelium and where do you find it?

A

A layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the inner surface of the cornea, heart, lungs, nerves, and muscles

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62
Q

What is mesothelium and where do you find it?

A

A layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines large body cavities and secretes a lubricant film called serous fluid.

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63
Q

What are three examples of body cavities?

A

Pleura (lung cavity), pericardium (heart cavity), and peritoneum (abdominal cavity)

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64
Q

Location of simple squamous

A

Alveolar

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65
Q

Location of stratified squamous (keratinized)

A

Dermis and mouth (dry areas)

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66
Q

Location of stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

A

Mouth, anus, vagina (moist areas)

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67
Q

Location of simple cubodial

A

Ducts and tubules of the kidney

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68
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal

A

Large ducts in the body

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69
Q

Location of simple columnar

A

Lining of the digestive system and female reproductive tract

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70
Q

location of stratified columnar

A

Conjunctiva of the eye and male urethra

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71
Q

Location of pseudostratified columnar

A

Respiratory system

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72
Q

Location of transitional epithelium

A

Lining of bladder, ureters, urethra

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73
Q

Function of simple squamous

A

Movement of the viscera and active transport by pinocytosis

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74
Q

Function of simple cuboidal

A

Covering and secretion

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75
Q

Function of simple columnar

A

Protection, lubercation, absorption, secretion

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76
Q

Function of stratified squamous (keratinized)

A

Protection and prevention of water loss

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77
Q

Function of stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

A

Protection, secretion, prevention of water loss

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78
Q

Function of stratified cubodial

A

Protection and secretion

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79
Q

Function of stratified transitional

A

Protection and also has the capacity to swell from internal pressure

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80
Q

Distensibility

A

The ability of stratified transitional cells to swell from internal pressure

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81
Q

Function of stratified columnar

A

Protection

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82
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar

A

Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages

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83
Q

What are the three types of glandular tissue?

A

Unicellular glands, exocrine glands, and endocrine glands

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84
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Most commonly goblet cells, found in simple columnar, simple cuboidal and pseudostratified epithelia

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85
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete lubricating mucus and aid the functioning of the organs they are found in

86
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Remain connected with the surface epithelium forming tubular ducts that lead to another organ or the body surface, where secretion is used

87
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lose the connection to the original epithelium and therefore lack ducts. Thin walled blood vessels, called capillaries, adjacent to the endocrine cells absorb their secreted hormone products for transport in the blood.

88
Q

What are the three types of exocrine secretion?

A

Merocine, apocrine, and holocrine

89
Q

Merocrine

A

Secretion that releases products, usually containing protein, by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the cells

90
Q

What is the most common type of exocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine

91
Q

Apocrine

A

Secretion that involves loss of membrane enclosed apical cytoplasm. Commonly seen in mammary glands

92
Q

Holocrine

A

Secretion is produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete terminal differentiation, which becomes filled with product. Example - sebaceous glands of hair follicles, acne

93
Q

What are the 2 types of merocrine secretion?

A

Serous and mucous

94
Q

Serous Secretion

A

Secretes a protein that is mostly not glycosylated such as digestive enzymes

95
Q

What will serous secretion cells stain well with?

A

Basophilic and acidophilic stains such as hematoxylin and eosin

96
Q

Mucous Secretion

A

Excretes heavily glycosylated proteins called mucins

97
Q

What will mucous secretion stain well with?

A

Periodic acid schiff because of the high concentration of oligosaccharides

98
Q

Myoepithelium

A

Contractile cells at the basal end of secretory cells. Contain actin and myosin filaments to perform contraction and propel secretory products from the duct into the duct system

99
Q

What are the six functions of connective tissue?

A

Support, packing, storage, transport, repair, and defense

100
Q

Support (connective tissue)

A

Structural and mechanical

101
Q

Packing (connective tissue)

A

Fills spaces and gives shapes to organs

102
Q

Storage (connective tissue)

A

Adipose tissue stores energy. Loose areolar connective stores water and electrolytes

103
Q

Transport (connective tissue)

A

Medium for nutrient transport and metabolic waste excretion

104
Q

Repair (connective tissue)

A

Fibroblasts; create and repair connective tissue helping to repair the matrix and fibres

105
Q

Defense (connective tissue)

A

Phagocytosis engulfs the destroys foreign substances and dead cells as well as creating antibodies

106
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

107
Q

What is the major component of connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix

108
Q

Connective tissue develops from a precursor tissue called _________

A

Mesenchyme

109
Q

Mesenchyme

A

An undifferentiated tissue present only in early embryonic life. Gives rise to all connective tissue as well as vessels and smooth muscle cells

110
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

Protein fibres and ground substance

111
Q

What are the three types of protein fibres?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

112
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

24 types, most abundant, flexible but non-extensible, made of polypeptide chains

113
Q

Elastin fibres

A

Able to stretch, thinner than collagen

114
Q

What are elastin fibres made of?

A

Elastin and fibrillin

115
Q

Reticular Fibres (Type III Collagen)

A

Help to give delicate support to organs, such as immune organs (lymph nodes, liver, and spleen)

116
Q

What three things make up ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

117
Q

Function type 1 collagen

A

Resistance to tension

118
Q

Location type 1 collagen

A

Skin, tendons, bone, organ capsules

119
Q

Function type 2 collagen

A

Resistance to pressure

120
Q

Location type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage

121
Q

Function type 3 collagen

A

Delicate, flexible structural support

122
Q

Location type 3 collagen

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, basement membrane (immune support)

123
Q

What is tropocollagen?

A

Synthesized by fibroblasts released into extracellular space where it is polymerized to form collagen fibrils

124
Q

4 ways collagen is synthesized besides tropcollagen?

A

Chondroblasts - build in collagen
Osteoblasts - build in bone
Smooth muscle - in blood vessels
Odentoblasts - in the tooth

125
Q

Structure of elastic fibres

A

Composed of an elastin core called an amorphous which has no definite shape. It is surounded by microfibrils

126
Q

Location of elastic fibres

A

Large arteries such as the aorta

127
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Chains of disaccharides which is one plain sugar and one amino acid

128
Q

Proteoglycans and glycoprotiens

A

Types of glycosaminoglycans

129
Q

Which GAG does not need a core protein

A

Hyaluronic acid

130
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Protein core with a bunch of attached GAGs. Contains more carbohydrates than protein

131
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Globular proteins with attached carbohydrates. They contain more protein than carbohydrates

132
Q

What are the 2 types of glycoproteins

A

Fibronectin and laminin

133
Q

Fibronectin

A

Present through all connective tissue, mediates normal cell adhesion and migration

134
Q

Laminin

A

Present in the basal lamina. Helps epithelium cells stick to the basal lamina - important in cell differentiation and migration

135
Q

What are the 4 types of fixed cells?

A

Fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, adipocytes, and fixed macrophages

136
Q

What are the 4 types of extrinsic/wandering cells?

A

Free macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and leukocytes

137
Q

Granulocytes consist of what three things?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

138
Q

Neutrophil apperance

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

139
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Phagocytosis, inflammatory response, chemotaxis

140
Q

Eosinphils appearance

A

Bi-loped nucleus

141
Q

Eosinphils function

A

Parasitic defense, allergic reactions, and regulator for

142
Q

Basophils apperance

A

Bi-lobed or a-shaped nucleus

143
Q

Basophils Function

A

Allergic and inflammatory responses, and support mast cells

144
Q

Agranulocytes apperance

A

Round nucelus

145
Q

Agranulocytes function

A

Adaptive immunity (anitbody production, cytotoxicity, regulation)

146
Q

Monocytes apperance

A

Kidney shaped nucleus (abundant in cytoplasm)

147
Q

Monocytes function

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and tissue repair

148
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, loose areolar, and loose reticular

149
Q

Dense regular function

A

Resists stretching forces in one direction

150
Q

Dense regular location

A

Tendons, ligaments

151
Q

Dense regular apperance

A

Thick, pink collagen bundles running all parallel to each other

152
Q

Dense irregular function

A

Resists stretching forces in multiple directions

153
Q

Dense irregular location

A

Dermis, organ capsules

154
Q

Dense irregular appearance

A

Thick, collagen bundles running in different directions

155
Q

Loose areolar function

A

Provides delicate support and cushioning

156
Q

Loose areolar location

A

Under epithelium, around blood vessels

157
Q

Loose areolar appearance

A

Lots of ground substance with scattered cells and thin fibres

158
Q

Loose reticular function

A

Provides a flexible structural framework

159
Q

Loose reticular location

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

160
Q

Loose reticular appearrance

A

Delicate network of fine type II collagen (reticular fibres)

161
Q

________ is very metabolically active _______ is not

A

Bone; cartilage

162
Q

________ has good blood supply __________ does not

A

Bone; cartilage

163
Q

_________ heals well __________ does not

A

Bone; cartilage

164
Q

________ is vascular ___________ is avascular

A

Bone; cartilage

165
Q

_________ forms the template of all bones

A

Cartilage

166
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that will differentiate into chondrocytes

167
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells that lie in little lacunae

168
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense vascular layer of connective tissue composed of fibroblasts and type I collagen that covers the surface of hyaline and elastic cartilage - not fibrocartilage

169
Q

___________ helps with getter oxygen to deeper cartilage

A

Perichondrium

170
Q

Hyaline cartilage collagen type

A

Type II

171
Q

Elastic cartilage collagen type

A

Type II collagen fibres and elastic fibres

172
Q

Fibrocartilage collagen type

A

Type I collagen fibers

173
Q

Hyaline Cartilage location

A

Lines articular surfaces of the joints, large respiratory passages, and epiphyseal plate

174
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

Support of soft tissue, lines joints, and growth of long bones

175
Q

__________ is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

176
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Located in areas that are pliable and flexible (pinna of the ear, external auditory canal, auditory tube, epiglottis and lrynax

177
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

Areas subject the pulling forces such as the interveterbral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus, and attachments for tendons and ligaments

178
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

Provide cushion, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

179
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial and appositional growth

180
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Growth within cartilage. Chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix

181
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth along the outside of cartilage. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes

182
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage that lets the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

183
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

At age 18-21, bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate fuses, and the cartilage in the region is replaced

184
Q

What are the three types of cells in bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and costeoclasts

185
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone matrix, prompted by testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, and weight bearing exercise and muscle use

186
Q

Osteocytes

A

Lie in lacunae, involved in the maintenance of bone matrix, death results in the resorption of bone matrix

187
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorb bone, arise from fusion of blood monocytes, resorbs osteoclasts adjacent to bone

188
Q

What are the 2 parts of cells in the ECM?

A

Organic and inorganic part

189
Q

Organic part (ECM - bone)

A

Osteoid consists of type I collagen fibres and ground substance

190
Q

Inorganic part (ECM - bone)

A

Consists of hydroxyapatite crystals

191
Q

Immature bone

A

The first bone laid down, formed quickly and later replaced with more organized mature bone

192
Q

Immature bone structure

A

Always spongy (trabecular)

193
Q

Immature bone collagen fibre arrangement

A

Random

194
Q

Immature bone has _______ of osteocytes

A

Lots

195
Q

Mature bone (secondary, lamellar)

A

Arranged into osteons which are layers of bone around little canals

196
Q

Mature bone structure

A

Compact on the outside and spongy inside

197
Q

Mature bone collagen fibre arrangement

A

Parallel

198
Q

Mature bone has _________ osteocytes

A

Few

199
Q

What are the four parts of the Haversian system?

A

Osteon, lacunae and canals, lamellae, canals in the bone

200
Q

Osteon

A

Aligned in the same direction along lines of stress, provide protection, support and stress of body weight

201
Q

Lacunae and Canals

A

Secrete matrix that hardens as it is calcified. Traps differentiating cells in luaunae. Receive nutrients from microvasculature in the central canals

202
Q

Lamellae 2 types

A

Concentric and intersitial

203
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Rings of calcified extracellular matrix around the Haversian (central) canals

204
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

The areas between osteons (contain fragments of older replaced osteons)

205
Q

2 types of canals in the bone

A

Volkamnn’s (performing) and Haversian (central)

206
Q

Volkamnn’s Canals

A

Horizontal canals for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Connects the peristrium to the medullary cavity and central canals

207
Q

Haversian Canals

A

Vertical canals for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

208
Q

Piezeolectric Effect

A

The property of some material to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

209
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

210
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

The formation of most flat bones

211
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Ossification within the cartilage forming most bones of the body such as long bones and irregular bones

Embryo/Histo (1 decks)

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