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PSY 210 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Subjective vs Objective

A

Subjective - Internal interpretations
Objective - True external Stimuli as it were

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2
Q

Top down vs Bottom up

A

Top down - Using memory context to process external stimuli
Bottom up - Using external stimuli immediately

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3
Q

Illusions

A

A way to investigate the subjective nature of perception

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4
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Organizations of systems changes perceptions

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5
Q

Figure ground

A

Being able to identify shapes within shapes, chalice or faces

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6
Q

Continuity

A

Things that move in a line are perceived to be a continuation of each other even if they’re separate shapes

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7
Q

Inclusiveness

A

Shapes within shapes

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8
Q

Proximity

A

Percieve things as together when theyre close

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9
Q

Similarity

A

similar things are grouped

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10
Q

Closure

A

lines that make up a shape, even when theyre not making up the whole shape

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11
Q

Illusory Contours

A

Perceived edges made up of shapes

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12
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Activation of Photoreceptive fields in illusions, fake gray dots

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13
Q

Photoreceptive field

A

Area where photoreceptors get their stimuli

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14
Q

Direct Perception

A

Gibsonian Approach, more bottom up processing than Gestalt

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15
Q

Perceptual array

A

All of your senses add to your perception

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16
Q

Optic Flow

A

Ability to detect apparent motion

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17
Q

Invariant

A

Structure in the array of perceptual information that specifies state of the world

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18
Q

Expansion of the optic array

A

Eyes get wider as things approach

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19
Q

Occlusion

A

Depth cue when an object blocks another, we understand its still there

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20
Q

Size constancy

A

Relative size comparison

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21
Q

Affordance

A

Relationship of the self to the environment that enables action

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22
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Baby fall teehee

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23
Q

Pattern recognition

A

Plays into a more Top-Down approach to perception, needed to make sense of the world, schema

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24
Q

Template theory

A

We make sense of the world through past experiences with those specific objects; we see one chair and only know that as “a chair”, not the concept of it

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25
Q

Feature analysis

A

People see a set of “critical” features

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26
Q

Recognition by Component theory

A

Decomposing objects by smaller, simpler shapes (geons)

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27
Q

Face perception

A

Developemental
Orientation
Neurological evidence

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27
Q

Geons

A

simple 2d or 3d shapes

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28
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face Blindness, temporal lobe

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29
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to process specific sensory information

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30
Q

Point light displays

A

Experiment where we assumed we can detect patterns through motion

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31
Q

Two pathways of perception

A

What - Ventral part of the brain: recognizes objects
Where - Dorsal part of the brain: spatial awareness of objects, landmark study

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31
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Space in-between words to differentiate them

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31
Q

Unconscious Inference

A

We infer how objects “are” in the world by how much it makes sense

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32
Q

Scene schema

A

Items have context when visualized

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33
Q

Selective Attention

A

Choosing what to pay attention to

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34
Q

Divided attention

A

Attempting to pay attention to multiple stimuli at once

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35
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Being able to single out a voice or stimuli in the midst of many

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36
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Different stimuli directly into each ear

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37
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating words as they are heard in the dichotic listening task

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38
Q

Attended

A

Stimuli that is actively wanting to be processed

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39
Q

Unattended

A

Everything else that is not consciously being payed attention to

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40
Q

Subliminal

A

Type of unconscious stimuli that is too fast/quiet to consciously be perceived

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41
Q

Early filter models of attention

A

Brain chooses what to listen to, then filters out everything else; we shouldn’t have a conscious idea of what was left out

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42
Q

Later filter models of attention

A

“leaky filter model”, both attended and unattended messages are filtered through, but attended is way stronger, based on meaning

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43
Q

Capacity models of attention

A

Amount of information people can handle; limit

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44
Q

Load theory of attention

A

Difficulty of task; high load vs low load

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45
Q

Stroop test

A

red green but different lol; reading words has become highly ingrained that its hard to say the color

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46
Q

Automatic vs Controlled process

A

Automatic - Stroop word reading
Controlled - Active perception, saying color, working past automatic

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47
Q

Parallel vs serial processing

A

Serial: one word at a time
Parallel: Taking in a scene all at once

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48
Q

Visual source

A
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49
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Single Features automatically observed
Conjunction

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50
Q

Feature search

A

Single features easier to spot

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51
Q

Conjunction Search

A

Searching for features will make up one object, serially

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52
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Errors can occur with needing so much attention

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53
Q

The binding problem

A

Combination of background, emotional stimuli, and objects

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54
Q

Satisfaction of Search

A

Finding one item decreased chance of finding another

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55
Q

Target frequency

A

Less frequently things show up, less likely to spot

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56
Q

Vigilance

A

Searching attention drops after some time, “definitely within 15 min, more complex tasks after 5 min”

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57
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

Difficulty detecting change when paying attention to something

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58
Q

Change blindness

A

Difficulty detecting change in environment

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59
Q

Perceptual Load

A

Difficulty of a task

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60
Q

Preattentive stage

A

Automatic, unconscious, and effortless stage of attention

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61
Q

Visual Scanning

A

Movement of the eyes from one location to the other

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62
Q

Attentional Blink

A

testing ability to detect stimuli presented in rapid succession

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63
Q

Attention Capture

A

Attention being captured

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64
Q

Bottleneck model

A

Humans are only able to have a limited amount of attentional resources

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65
Q

Sensory store

A

All sensory inputs, 500ms to 2 seconds

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66
Q

Short term memory

A

Immediate store of memory, very short, attention, 20-30 seconds

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67
Q

Long term memory

A

Encoded memory, able to be retrieved, infinite space

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68
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sight memory

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69
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory

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70
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating a stimulus

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71
Q

Encoding

A

Storing into long term memory

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72
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of remembering thigs from long term

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73
Q

Storage modality

A

sensory, short term, long term]

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74
Q

7 +/- 2

A

number of things that can actively be remembered in short term memory

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75
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

Curve showing the outcome of primacy and recency effects

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76
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Remembering things you learned at the beginning

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77
Q

Recency Effect

A

Remembering things you learned most recently

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78
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to encode new memories

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79
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve past memories

80
Q

Working Memory

A

keeps things for further processing, e.g. math problems

81
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Stores verbal info
Used for words
Used for numbers

82
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

A

Stores visual info
Used for imagery
Spatial tasks

83
Q

Central Executive

A

Allocates capacity
Retrieves info
Thinks
Consciousness

84
Q

Chunk

A

Grouping pieces of information together, making it easier to store

85
Q

Memory Span

A

Number of things humans are able to remember

86
Q

Phonological Similarity Effect

A

Confusion of sounds that sound similar

87
Q

Perseveration

A

Repeatedly preforming the same “rule” unable to follow a new one; disconnect with attention

88
Q

Articulatory Suppression

A

Speaking interferes with rehearsal

89
Q

Decay

A

over time short term memory fades

90
Q

Interference (Proactive and Retroactive)

A

Proactive: Previously learned material makes it hard to learn new material
Retroactive: New material makes it hard to remember past material

91
Q

Word Length Effect

A

Memory for short words is easier than it is for long words

92
Q

Digit Span

A

Number of digits a person can remember

93
Q

Episodic Memory

A

“Memory”
Remembering first time you rode a bike

94
Q

Semantic Memory

A

“Knowledge”
Knowing how to ride a bike

95
Q

Procedural Memory

A

“Skills”
Riding a bike

96
Q

Distinctiveness

A
97
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Doing things without remembering how we know we can do them

98
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memories we are aware of

99
Q

Memory Dissociations

A
100
Q

Remember or recollective state

A
101
Q

Knowing or semantic activation

A
102
Q

Priming

A
103
Q

Skill Learning

A
104
Q

Mirror tracing

A
105
Q

Imagining the future

A
106
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Full episodic, echoic memories of ones life

107
Q

Organization

A
108
Q

Levels of processing

A
109
Q

Incidental vs intentional learning

A

S

110
Q

Self relevant processing

A
111
Q

Generation effect

A

Producing own things to remember are easier to reconstruct than just consuming the information

112
Q

Survival processing

A

Things that are helpful for survivial are easier to retain and reconstruct

113
Q

Paired Association tests

A
114
Q

Imagery effects in memory

A
115
Q

Binding in memory

A

B

116
Q

Baker Baker phenomenon

A

Easier to remember someones proffesion that their name

117
Q

Rehearsal

A

Mental rehearsal mechanism to retain information in short-term memory

118
Q

Distributed vs massed practice

A

Studying in intervals is more benificial than cramming

119
Q

Testing effect

A

You learn things better when you test yourself than just reading the textbook

120
Q

Collaborative Inhibition

A

Phenomenon that when several people work together to produce a single memory report, they typically produce fewer items than when the unique items in the individual reports of the same number of participants are combined

121
Q

Consolidation

A

The process that transforms new memories
into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

122
Q

Consoliation Disruption

A
123
Q

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A
124
Q

Nonsense syllables

A
125
Q

Overlearning

A
126
Q

Decay

A
127
Q

Interference

A
128
Q

Proactive interference

A
129
Q

Retroactive interference

A
130
Q

Encoding Specifity

A
131
Q

Context Dependant Memory

A
132
Q

Mood Dependent Memory

A
133
Q

State Dependent Memory

A
134
Q

Free Recall

A
135
Q

Cued Recall

A
136
Q

Recognition

A
137
Q

Source Monitoring Theory

A
138
Q

Source memory

A
139
Q

Feeling of Familiarity

A
140
Q

Long term potentiation

A
141
Q

Reconsolidation

A
142
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A
143
Q

Schema

A

Organized knowledge structures

144
Q

Trace or Engram

A

Each experience leaves a trace of a memory for future use

145
Q

Schema Effects on :
Encoding
Storage
Reconstruction

A

Encoding: depends on what schema is active, directs encoding and extracts gist
Storage: New info is stored in schema, updated by later add-ons, constantly changing
Reconstruction: Combination of what remains and schema info, attitudes matter

146
Q

Omissions

A

Leave things out
Could be random
Could be selective to leave the gist

147
Q

Intrusions

A

Add material
Fill in gaps, rationalize

148
Q

Gist

A

Base idea

149
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Two different ideas being inhabited in the schema, causing conflict

150
Q

Implicit theories of change and consistency

A

Know current view, plus theory, equals view of previous state, especially if there is no change

151
Q

Scripts

A

Concept of the sequence of actions that occur during a specific experience, grocery store

152
Q

Person Schemas

A

person egg

153
Q

Stereotypes

A
154
Q

False alarm

A
155
Q

Generalizing from Eyewitness studies

A
156
Q

Discriminating True from false memories

A
157
Q

Plausibility

A
158
Q

Memory Construction

A
159
Q

Source memory Errors

A
160
Q

Flashbulb memories

A
161
Q

Accuracy and Flashbulb memories

A
162
Q

Repression

A
163
Q

Dissociation

A
164
Q

Retrospective, Prospective, and Case studies

A
165
Q

Forgot-it-all-along effect

A
166
Q

Easterbrook hypothesis or Attention Narrowing

A
167
Q

Arousal and attention

A
168
Q

Inverted-U curve

A
169
Q

Weapon focus

A
170
Q

Place learning

A
171
Q

Response learning

A
172
Q

Shape heuristics

A
173
Q

Rotation Heuristics

A
174
Q

Alignment Heuristic

A
175
Q

Symmetry Heuristic

A
176
Q

90 degree angle heuristic

A
177
Q

Using maps

A
178
Q

Dual representation of maps

A
179
Q

Doorway effect

A
180
Q

Behaviorist Approach

A
181
Q

Restructuring

A
182
Q

Insight

A
183
Q

Gestalt

A
184
Q

Functional Fixedness

A
185
Q

Mental Set

A
186
Q

Algorithms

A
187
Q

Analogy

A
188
Q

Surface Features vs Structural Features

A
189
Q

Expertise

A
190
Q

Creativity

A
191
Q

Divergent thinking

A
192
Q

Incubation

A
193
Q

Stereotype threat

A
194
Q

Means-Ends Approach

A
195
Q

Initial State

A
196
Q

Goal State

A
197
Q

Obstacles

A
198
Q

Analogical Problem solving

A
199
Q

Problem space

A
200
Q
A

PSY 210 (1 decks)

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