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PSY 210 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Subjective vs Objective

A

Subjective - Internal interpretations
Objective - True external Stimuli as it were

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2
Q

Top down vs Bottom up

A

Top down - Using memory context to process external stimuli
Bottom up - Using external stimuli immediately

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3
Q

Illusions

A

A way to investigate the subjective nature of perception

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4
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Organizations of systems changes perceptions

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5
Q

Figure ground

A

Being able to identify shapes within shapes, chalice or faces

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6
Q

Continuity

A

Things that move in a line are perceived to be a continuation of each other even if they’re separate shapes

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7
Q

Inclusiveness

A

Shapes within shapes

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8
Q

Proximity

A

Percieve things as together when theyre close

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9
Q

Similarity

A

similar things are grouped

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10
Q

Closure

A

lines that make up a shape, even when theyre not making up the whole shape

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11
Q

Illusory Contours

A

Perceived edges made up of shapes

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12
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Activation of Photoreceptive fields in illusions, fake gray dots

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13
Q

Photoreceptive field

A

Area where photoreceptors get their stimuli

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14
Q

Direct Perception

A

Gibsonian Approach, more bottom up processing than Gestalt

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15
Q

Perceptual array

A

All of your senses add to your perception

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16
Q

Optic Flow

A

Ability to detect apparent motion

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17
Q

Invariant

A

Structure in the array of perceptual information that specifies state of the world

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18
Q

Expansion of the optic array

A

Eyes get wider as things approach

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19
Q

Occlusion

A

Depth cue when an object blocks another, we understand its still there

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20
Q

Size constancy

A

Relative size comparison

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21
Q

Affordance

A

Relationship of the self to the environment that enables action

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22
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Baby fall teehee

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23
Q

Pattern recognition

A

Plays into a more Top-Down approach to perception, needed to make sense of the world, schema

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24
Q

Template theory

A

We make sense of the world through past experiences with those specific objects; we see one chair and only know that as “a chair”, not the concept of it

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25
Q

Feature analysis

A

People see a set of “critical” features

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26
Q

Recognition by Component theory

A

Decomposing objects by smaller, simpler shapes (geons)

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27
Q

Face perception

A

Developemental
Orientation
Neurological evidence

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28
Q

Geons

A

simple 2d or 3d shapes

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29
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face Blindness, temporal lobe

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30
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to process specific sensory information

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31
Q

Point light displays

A

Experiment where we assumed we can detect patterns through motion

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32
Q

Two pathways of perception

A

What - Ventral part of the brain: recognizes objects
Where - Dorsal part of the brain: spatial awareness of objects, landmark study

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33
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Space in-between words to differentiate them

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34
Q

Unconscious Inference

A

We infer how objects “are” in the world by how much it makes sense

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35
Q

Scene schema

A

Items have context when visualized

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36
Q

Selective Attention

A

Choosing what to pay attention to

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37
Q

Divided attention

A

Attempting to pay attention to multiple stimuli at once

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38
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Being able to single out a voice or stimuli in the midst of many

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39
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Different stimuli directly into each ear

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40
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating words as they are heard in the dichotic listening task

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41
Q

Attended

A

Stimuli that is actively wanting to be processed

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42
Q

Unattended

A

Everything else that is not consciously being payed attention to

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43
Q

Subliminal

A

Type of unconscious stimuli that is too fast/quiet to consciously be perceived

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44
Q

Early filter models of attention

A

Brain chooses what to listen to, then filters out everything else; we shouldn’t have a conscious idea of what was left out

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45
Q

Later filter models of attention

A

“leaky filter model”, both attended and unattended messages are filtered through, but attended is way stronger, based on meaning

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46
Q

Capacity models of attention

A

Amount of information people can handle; limit

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47
Q

Load theory of attention

A

Difficulty of task; high load vs low load

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48
Q

Stroop test

A

red green but different lol; reading words has become highly ingrained that its hard to say the color

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49
Q

Automatic vs Controlled process

A

Automatic - Stroop word reading
Controlled - Active perception, saying color, working past automatic

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50
Q

Parallel vs serial processing

A

Serial: one word at a time
Parallel: Taking in a scene all at once

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51
Q

Visual source

A
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52
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Single Features automatically observed
Conjunction

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53
Q

Feature search

A

Single features easier to spot

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54
Q

Conjunction Search

A

Searching for features will make up one object, serially

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55
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Errors can occur with needing so much attention

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56
Q

The binding problem

A

Combination of background, emotional stimuli, and objects

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57
Q

Satisfaction of Search

A

Finding one item decreased chance of finding another

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58
Q

Target frequency

A

Less frequently things show up, less likely to spot

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59
Q

Vigilance

A

Searching attention drops after some time, “definitely within 15 min, more complex tasks after 5 min”

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60
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

Difficulty detecting change when paying attention to something

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61
Q

Change blindness

A

Difficulty detecting change in environment

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62
Q

Perceptual Load

A

Difficulty of a task

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63
Q

Preattentive stage

A

Automatic, unconscious, and effortless stage of attention

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64
Q

Visual Scanning

A

Movement of the eyes from one location to the other

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65
Q

Attentional Blink

A

testing ability to detect stimuli presented in rapid succession

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66
Q

Attention Capture

A

Attention being captured

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67
Q

Bottleneck model

A

Humans are only able to have a limited amount of attentional resources

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68
Q

Sensory store

A

All sensory inputs, 500ms to 2 seconds

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69
Q

Short term memory

A

Immediate store of memory, very short, attention, 20-30 seconds

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70
Q

Long term memory

A

Encoded memory, able to be retrieved, infinite space

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71
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sight memory

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72
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory

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73
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating a stimulus

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74
Q

Encoding

A

Storing into long term memory

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75
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of remembering thigs from long term

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76
Q

Storage modality

A

sensory, short term, long term]

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77
Q

7 +/- 2

A

number of things that can actively be remembered in short term memory

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78
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

Curve showing the outcome of primacy and recency effects

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79
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Remembering things you learned at the beginning

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80
Q

Recency Effect

A

Remembering things you learned most recently

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81
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to encode new memories

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82
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve past memories

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83
Q

Working Memory

A

keeps things for further processing, e.g. math problems

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84
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Stores verbal info
Used for words
Used for numbers

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85
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

A

Stores visual info
Used for imagery
Spatial tasks

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86
Q

Central Executive

A

Allocates capacity
Retrieves info
Thinks
Consciousness

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87
Q

Chunk

A

Grouping pieces of information together, making it easier to store

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88
Q

Memory Span

A

Number of things humans are able to remember

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89
Q

Phonological Similarity Effect

A

Confusion of sounds that sound similar

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90
Q

Perseveration

A

Repeatedly preforming the same “rule” unable to follow a new one; disconnect with attention

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91
Q

Articulatory Suppression

A

Speaking interferes with rehearsal

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92
Q

Decay

A

over time short term memory fades

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93
Q

Interference (Proactive and Retroactive)

A

Proactive: Previously learned material makes it hard to learn new material
Retroactive: New material makes it hard to remember past material

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94
Q

Word Length Effect

A

Memory for short words is easier than it is for long words

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95
Q

Digit Span

A

Number of digits a person can remember

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96
Q

Episodic Memory

A

“Memory”
Remembering first time you rode a bike

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97
Q

Semantic Memory

A

“Knowledge”
Knowing how to ride a bike

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98
Q

Procedural Memory

A

“Skills”
Riding a bike

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99
Q

Distinctiveness

A
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100
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Doing things without remembering how we know we can do them

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101
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memories we are aware of

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102
Q

Memory Dissociations

A
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103
Q

Remember or recollective state

A
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104
Q

Knowing or semantic activation

A
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105
Q

Priming

A
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106
Q

Skill Learning

A
107
Q

Mirror tracing

A
108
Q

Imagining the future

A
109
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Full episodic, echoic memories of ones life

110
Q

Organization

A
111
Q

Levels of processing

A
112
Q

Incidental vs intentional learning

A

S

113
Q

Self relevant processing

A
114
Q

Generation effect

A

Producing own things to remember are easier to reconstruct than just consuming the information

115
Q

Survival processing

A

Things that are helpful for survivial are easier to retain and reconstruct

116
Q

Paired Association tests

A
117
Q

Imagery effects in memory

A
118
Q

Binding in memory

A

B

119
Q

Baker Baker phenomenon

A

Easier to remember someones proffesion that their name

120
Q

Rehearsal

A

Mental rehearsal mechanism to retain information in short-term memory

121
Q

Distributed vs massed practice

A

Studying in intervals is more benificial than cramming

122
Q

Testing effect

A

You learn things better when you test yourself than just reading the textbook

123
Q

Collaborative Inhibition

A

Phenomenon that when several people work together to produce a single memory report, they typically produce fewer items than when the unique items in the individual reports of the same number of participants are combined

124
Q

Consolidation

A

The process that transforms new memories
into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

125
Q

Consoliation Disruption

A
126
Q

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A
127
Q

Nonsense syllables

A
128
Q

Overlearning

A
129
Q

Decay

A
130
Q

Interference

A
131
Q

Proactive interference

A
132
Q

Retroactive interference

A
133
Q

Encoding Specifity

A
134
Q

Context Dependant Memory

A
135
Q

Mood Dependent Memory

A
136
Q

State Dependent Memory

A
137
Q

Free Recall

A
138
Q

Cued Recall

A
139
Q

Recognition

A
140
Q

Source Monitoring Theory

A
141
Q

Source memory

A
142
Q

Feeling of Familiarity

A
143
Q

Long term potentiation

A
144
Q

Reconsolidation

A
145
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A
146
Q

Schema

A

Organized knowledge structures

147
Q

Trace or Engram

A

Each experience leaves a trace of a memory for future use

148
Q

Schema Effects on :
Encoding
Storage
Reconstruction

A

Encoding: depends on what schema is active, directs encoding and extracts gist
Storage: New info is stored in schema, updated by later add-ons, constantly changing
Reconstruction: Combination of what remains and schema info, attitudes matter

149
Q

Omissions

A

Leave things out
Could be random
Could be selective to leave the gist

150
Q

Intrusions

A

Add material
Fill in gaps, rationalize

151
Q

Gist

A

Base idea

152
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Two different ideas being inhabited in the schema, causing conflict

153
Q

Implicit theories of change and consistency

A

Know current view, plus theory, equals view of previous state, especially if there is no change

154
Q

Scripts

A

Concept of the sequence of actions that occur during a specific experience, grocery store

155
Q

Person Schemas

A

person egg

156
Q

Stereotypes

A
157
Q

False alarm

A
158
Q

Generalizing from Eyewitness studies

A
159
Q

Discriminating True from false memories

A
160
Q

Plausibility

A
161
Q

Memory Construction

A
162
Q

Source memory Errors

A
163
Q

Flashbulb memories

A
164
Q

Accuracy and Flashbulb memories

A
165
Q

Repression

A
166
Q

Dissociation

A
167
Q

Retrospective, Prospective, and Case studies

A
168
Q

Forgot-it-all-along effect

A
169
Q

Easterbrook hypothesis or Attention Narrowing

A
170
Q

Arousal and attention

A
171
Q

Inverted-U curve

A
172
Q

Weapon focus

A
173
Q

Place learning

A
174
Q

Response learning

A
175
Q

Shape heuristics

A
176
Q

Rotation Heuristics

A
177
Q

Alignment Heuristic

A
178
Q

Symmetry Heuristic

A
179
Q

90 degree angle heuristic

A
180
Q

Using maps

A
181
Q

Dual representation of maps

A
182
Q

Doorway effect

A
183
Q

Behaviorist Approach

A
184
Q

Restructuring

A
185
Q

Insight

A
186
Q

Gestalt

A
187
Q

Functional Fixedness

A
188
Q

Mental Set

A
189
Q

Algorithms

A
190
Q

Analogy

A
191
Q

Surface Features vs Structural Features

A
192
Q

Expertise

A
193
Q

Creativity

A
194
Q

Divergent thinking

A
195
Q

Incubation

A
196
Q

Stereotype threat

A
197
Q

Means-Ends Approach

A
198
Q

Initial State

A
199
Q

Goal State

A
200
Q

Obstacles

A
201
Q

Analogical Problem solving

A
202
Q

Problem space

A
203
Q

Normative Model

A

Utility Theory
People are rational
People use logic

204
Q

Utility Theory

A

Assigning levels of utility to certain outcomes, then choosing which one has the most “utility”

205
Q

Additive Models

A

Consider options
Make a list of important features, then rate each option

206
Q

Syllogisms

A

Basic form of deductive reasoning
All birds are animals
All animals eat food
All birds eat food

207
Q

Conditional Reasoning

A

Only two premises
If i cry, my shirt will be wet
I cried, therefore my shirt is wet

208
Q

Antecedent

A

If x, then y
x, therefore y

209
Q

Consequent

A

If x, then y
y, therefore x

210
Q

Wason Card Task

A

If blank then blank example, turning over x cards to see which are needed to validate a set rule

211
Q

Choice Behavior

A

Process of thinking when making a choice

212
Q

Matching Law

A

Rate of reinforcement matches the quality and value of the response

213
Q

Delayed Gratification

A

Choosing sooner, less gratifying choices versus choosing later, more gratifying choices

214
Q

Ainslie-Rachlin Model

A

Graph showing the hyperbolic rate of choice for delayed gratification

215
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Selectively look for information that reinforces our hypothesis and ignore information that argues against it

216
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Shortcut in decision making, relating the active choice to things we already know about/have experienced

217
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

The combination of two effects cannot be more probable than one by itself

218
Q

Base Rates

A

Relative proportions in a population

219
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

Base rate information is ignored; farmer and librarian

220
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Shortcut to decision making; deciding based on the information that is readily available and easiest to recall

221
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Seeing a correlation in an event where there isnt any

222
Q

Illusory Truth Effect

A

People believe things that are repeated; echo chambers

223
Q

Just asking questions effect

A

Tactic to entertain debunked ideas by using the fear of being duped, stop questioning when you should keep questioning

224
Q

Adjustment

A

Adjusting estimates, e.g. price of shoes, that are anchored in previously anchored pieces of information, e.g. thinking about the last two numbers of SSN (higher SSN means estimating higher, vice versa)

225
Q

The Framing Effect

A

The way you word something (frame) influences the decisions made

226
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

People are, in effect, biased by the knowledge of what has actually happened when evaluating its likelihood.

227
Q

Small Sample Fallacy

A

Not thinking that a small sample would lead to an either/or outcome; birth rate more girls than boys experiment

228
Q

Groupthink

A

Conforming your decision to match that of the consensus of the group, more likely than to come up with the right answer

229
Q

Planning Fallacy

A

Incorrectly estimating how long a task will take, e.g. studying or finishing an assignment

230
Q

Belief Bias

A

Basing responses in personal beliefs within 1) valid syllogisms with impossible outcomes 2)Invalid syllogisms with believable outcomes

231
Q

Myside Bias

A

Type of confirmation bias, but more specific ; relating to opinions or attitudes vs information as a whole

232
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Coming to to a conclusion that is probablytrue, but not necessarily true

233
Q

Law of large numbers

A

Bigger sample size means more representative of population

234
Q

Dual-systems approach

A

Type 1(2+2=?) vs Type 2 thinking (23 x 167=?)

235
Q

Misinformation

A

Misleading information, a lie, an error

236
Q

Disinformation

A

Mix of true and false information, subset of misinformation, Intentional for political or economic goal. Bias people. Spread by unwitting agents

237
Q

Conspiracy Theory

A

Mix of true and false information, goal is unclear, spread by true believers, unwitting agents, and unsure why

238
Q

Muddy the waters

A

Include information into the conversation, meant to confuse

239
Q

Intentional Campaign

A

Reason/goal for type of misinformation

240
Q

Inadvertent Spread

A

Unconscious Spread of false information

241
Q

Unwitting Agents

A

Someone who is unaware of the wrong information they are spreading

242
Q

Illusory Truth effect

A

Echo Chamber

243
Q

Truthiness effect

A

Picture makes something more believable

244
Q

Plausibility

A

“Chance that something is true”; Unwritten rules of misinformation studies, false childhood studies

245
Q

Rebound effect

A

Corrections can remind people of false information; people then access that knowledge to argue against correction

246
Q

Pragmatic Interferences

A

You can imply something, and people will remember the implication, conjuring own memory is more concrete than just reading it

247
Q

Identity and Sharing

A

Adopting information is crucial for group membership

248
Q

Truth Sandwhich

A

Truth with warning
False info
Truth reminder

249
Q

Lateral Searches

A

Searching for the same topic from other authors, comparing views and information available from said topic

250
Q

Deplatforming

A

Removing attention and taking the platform in which someone spreads information

251
Q

Role of algorithms

A

Algorithms love engagement, which generate income, incentivizing more controversial information to be spread; change to emphasize accurate information

252
Q

SIFT method

A

Slow down
Investigate source and claim
Find trusted coverage
Trace to the original

253
Q

Analogue Representation

A
254
Q

Propositional Representation

A
255
Q

Mental Rotation

A
256
Q

Mental Scanning

A
257
Q

Ambiguous Figures

A
258
Q

Demand Characteristics

A
259
Q

Reality Monitoring

A
260
Q

Visual Buffer

A
261
Q

Point of view in memory

A
262
Q

Observer Point of View

A
263
Q

Field point of view

A

PSY 210 (1 decks)

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