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wildlife disease ecology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is disease

A

any impairment that interferes with or modifies the performance of normal functions

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2
Q

vector

A

living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans

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3
Q

parasite

A

organisms that live on or in another organisms and depend on this host to complete their life cycle

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4
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes damage to a host

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5
Q

infectious disease

A

can be transmitted to/from another person or organism as a result of transmission of a biological agent

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6
Q

infectious disease agents

A

living agents that cause harm while living in or on a host (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods)

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7
Q

noninfectious disease

A

not transmitted directly, and instead are a result of a combination of environment and genetics

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8
Q

noninfectious disease agents

A

nonliving agents (chemicals, toxicants, poisons), physical agents (cold, heat, trauma), nutrient deficiency (vitamin c, minerals, salts)

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9
Q

zoonosis

A

disease caused by an infectious agent that can transferred naturally from wildlife to humans and back to wildlife

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10
Q

what percent of emerging infectious disease in humans are zoonotic

A

60 - 75

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11
Q

intrinsic causes of disease

A

genetic defects, degeneration

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12
Q

extrinsic causes of disease

A

infectious/non infectious agents, noninfectious transmissible agents (prions)

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13
Q

spillover

A

transmission of a pathogen from one host species to another

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14
Q

amplifier

A

a host, within which, a pathogen replicates or is transmitted at rapid abundance or rate

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15
Q

spillback

A

transmission of a pathogen from a spillover host back into the reservoir host from which it originated

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16
Q

etiology

A

study or theory of the factors that cause disease

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17
Q

cause

A

that which brings about a condition or produces any effect

18
Q

koch’s postulates

A
  1. agent present in every case of the disease, not others
  2. isolate agent, grown in pure culture
  3. inoculate experimental animals with culture, develop disease
  4. must recover the same agent from inoculated/infected animals
19
Q

exceptions to koch’s postulates

A

noninfectious diseases
mixed infections - tough to separate agents, know which is causing which part
carrier state - agent present, no disease
opportunistic agents - agents present and do not cause disease
chronic disease - the cause is gone before the disease appears

20
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

a disease that either has appeared and is affecting a population for the first time or has existed previously but is rapidly spreading in incidence or space

21
Q

incidence

A

rate of cases occurring during a particular time period

22
Q

web of causation

A

epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness

23
Q
A
24
Q

epidemiological triad

A

a simple model where the agent is not central focus causation includes interaction among host, agent, environment
applies to disease emergence and re-emergence

25
Q

what causes emergence

A

host - susceptibility
pathogen - infectivity, virulence
environment - stressors of conditions influencing hosts, pathogens, vectors, etc

26
Q

two strategies of detection

A
  1. detecting the pathogen/parasite itself - microparasites, macroparasites
  2. detecting disease - mainly searching for evidence of an immune response (blood/serum test), impairment of function, or clinical signs
27
Q

three steps of conducting a good study

A
  1. state the question/hypothesis of interest clearly
  2. these shape what data needs to be collected and hence the type of study
  3. develop an appropriate plan for sampling
28
Q

the goal of sampling is to…

A

answer a research question in a way that is minimally biased and fairly precise

29
Q

population of interest

A

the complete collection of sample units of interest within a defined area (the sample frame)
ex. individuals within a defined population or plots within a defined area

30
Q

sample

A

some fraction of the units within the population of interest are randomly selected
data from the sample are used to estimate some parameter(s) of interest from the target population

31
Q

parameter

A

a quantitative measure that describes a characteristic of a population
fixed quantity in a population; usually unknown
ex. mean, sd, variance

32
Q

estimator

A

a formula, or function of the sample data used to estimate some parameter

33
Q

estimate

A

the value you calculate from the sample to estimate the parameter
often denoted by a caret or hat (^) over the symbol

34
Q

bias

A

describes how far the average value of the estimator is from the true population value

35
Q

measures of quality of an estimate include

A

precision and prevalence

36
Q

precision

A

refers to the closeness of repeated measurements of the same quantity
standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), and coefficient of variation are all measures of precision
ALWAYS report a measure of precision along with a parameter estimate (e.g., a confidence interval or SE on the parameter estimate)

37
Q

prevalence

A

proportion of hosts infected
# currently infected / # in population

38
Q

types of random selection sampling

A

simple random and stratified random

39
Q

simple random sampling

A

every possible sample unit in the study area/sampling frame has an equal chance of being sampled during each sampling event; typically done without replacement - enumerate all possible sample units and take a random sample from the list

40
Q

stratified random sampling

A

the sampling frame is divided into mutually exclusive and exhausted strata (subgroups) and a simple random sample is taken from each stratum

41
Q

benefits of stratified random sampling

A

increased precision because variation among units within a stratum is < variation among units across strata
allows for unique estimation of mean/variance for each strata
allows for different numbers of sample units by strata

42
Q
A

wildlife disease ecology (1 decks)

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