Exam #1 Flashcards
PLEPS Acronym?
present level of educational performance statement
SPLED/SEIT Acronym?
special education, special education itinerant teacher
FAPE acronym?
free and appropriate public education
ADA Acronym?
American with disabilities act
ENL/TESOL acronym?
English as a new language, teacher of English as a second language
What is included in an IEP?
Legally binding contract between the student and the school district
-PLEPS
-Annual goals and objectives
-Criteria for success
-Summary of all SPLED services required
-Summary of all related services (e.g., transportation) required
-Statement of regular education participation (if any)
-Justification for LRE
-Statement of accommodation needed for regular education classroom participation
-Projected dates for initiation of services
-Duration and frequency of services
-Mandate of frequency
-Proposed date of review
What did the rehabilitation act of 1973 create?
504 plans
What and who are 504 plans used for?
-Legally binding, accommodations to optimize successful outcomes
-Preferential seating, extended testing time, distraction-free testing environment
-Significant allergies- access to an EpiPen
-Asthma
-APD, ADD/ADHD
Describe consultation vs collaboration.
- Consultation – helping teachers find new ways to increase student success in the academic setting
Providing advice/insight (e.g., contextualize language, provide redundancy, decrease rate, distractions, stress, preferential seating etc.) - Collaboration – working with teachers to implement strategies that increase success in the academic setting
OT, PT, teachers (observe, divide responsibilities by specialization, teach together, etc.)
Define norm-referenced testing.
Standardized Tests
Norm-referenced on groups of children yielding statistically sound information (e.g., standard scores, SD’s, T/Z scores, stanines)
Define criterion-referenced testing.
-Performance-based measures (i.e., basic demonstration of knowledge and skill in a particular area)
-Professional judgment of speech clarity and language proficiency falls
-Checklists (i.e., assessments based on understanding of typical acquisition of skills)
What is dynamic assessment?
-Test-Teach-Retest
-Learning processes and cognition are emphasized
-Good way to determine whether a child simply requires modification/accommodation or is truly disordered
What is the general timeline of S/L assessment?
Screening/referral
Parental consent obtained
Assessment
IEP meeting conducted
IEP modified as needed
IEP agreed upon and enabled
Services initiated
Annual review conducted
Reevaluation
IDEA/NYS timeline requirements of assessment?
-By IDEIA (2004) standards, the evaluation process must be completed “within a reasonable amount of time.”
-NYS requires evaluation process and notification be completed in a 40 day period.
What is syntax?
The area of language that looks at the order and organization of multi-word utterances to move towards grammatically correct productions.
What are signed of disordered syntax?
- incorrect word order
- inappropriate use/omission of pronouns
- noun-verb disagreement
- incorrect conjunction/disjunction
- poor use of articles
What is morphology?
The area of language that explores structure of words- how people use affixes to change word meaning.
-past tense, plurals, present progressive
What are signs of disordered morphology?
- incorrect verb tensing
- inappropriate plurality
- poor use/no use of prefixes and suffixes
- difficulty with demonstration of possession
what is phonology?
The area of language that explores the rules governing the sounds within a specific language system.
Signs of disordered phonology?
- Use of unresolved phonological processes
-Cluster reduction, initial/final consonant deletion, assimilation, backing, gliding, etc.
-Simplifications that children use - Decreased speech intelligibility
-May be misdiagnosed as apraxia of speech. - Poor command of morphology
-May not be able to express changes of word meaning at the morphological level due to phonological process disorder.
-FCD impacts morphology
What is semantics?
The area of language that explores word meaning.
Synonyms, antonyms…
Signs of disordered semantics?
-Receptive language deficits
-Expressive language deficits
-Word retrieval problems
-Decreased ability to associate related words (e.g., nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)
What is pragmatics?
The area of language that looks at the rules of social and cultural rules.
Signs of disordered pragmatics?
- Poor awareness of personal space (proxemics)
- Inability to initiate or maintain conversational topics
- Inappropriate conversation
- Perseveration of topics
- Egocentricity
- Decreased turn-taking
What is standardization?
– Studies that are completed to determine if the test is valid and reliable and if the information is able to be utilized. A minimum N Sample of 100 people per age grouping should be use
What is age equivalence/why would SLPs use this?
Why would they not use this?
- A numerical representation of a person’s performance with regard to a specific age when the demonstrated skills are typically observed.
-may be easier for families to comprehend
-depends on the age of the child
-may cause parents to panic and misunderstand what it really means
What is a standard score?
A numerical value that can be used to compare a person’s raw score on a test to the scores of peers
What is a percentile rank?
Commonly used in reports
– A numerical score that expresses what percentage of the testing population scored lower than the person in question.
What is sensitivity?
How accurate is the test in identifying children with language impairments?
How successful the test is in identification
What is specificity?
How accurate is the test in identifying children with typical language skills?
When does development of adult-like sentences typically begin?
2.5-3.0 years for children
Noun phrases & verb phrases
Complexity and structure may vary
Every clause has a _____ and a ______.
subject; verb
What is stage 1 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 1.0-2.0- semantic roles and syntactic relations
What is stage 2 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 2.0-2.5- modulated relations
What is stage 3 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 2.4-3.25- modalities of simple sentences
What is stage 4 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 3.25-3.75- advanced sentence modalities (embedding)
What is stage 5 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 3.75-4.0+
Categorization (coordination)
What is stage 6 in the developmental sequence of syntactic forms?
MLU= 4.0+
Complex structures
What is a phrase?
a collection of words that may contain a subject or a verb, but not both.
What is an interrogative?
question (where did you get them?
What is a declarative?
statement (example: I declare that was a good sentence; I like those glasses)
What is an imperative?
command (stop that!)
What are Chomsky’s 2 levels affecting syntax?
- Phrase Structure rules
-internal organization of sentences
-universal across languages
-these “within-sentence” units are called constituents (NP and VP) - Transformational rules
a. governed by complexity changes
b. how phrases are reorganized within a sentence
c. not universal but a function of each specific language
d. transformational rules affect phrase-structure rules in numerous ways
What is an intransitive verb?
Action verbs without a direct object
What is a transitive verb?
Action verbs with a direct object
Relative clauses are always _______.
dependent/subordinate
What are relative clauses?
Relates to an actor within the utterance
Usually is embedded in the sentence
Acts as the subject
Relative clauses are dependent
What are t-units?
-(terminal/terminable units or minimum terminable units)
-refers to a main clause plus any subordinate clauses that may be attached to it.
-better indicators with older school-aged children
-can be either oral or written language modalites
How many t-units are in this sentence?
1. The students were afraid of syntax.
(1 T-unit)
How many t-units?
The students studied their syntax and Dr. Maldonado was pleased.
(2 T-units)
How many t-units?
The students did well because they studied.
( 1 T-unit/s)
How many t-units?
Dr. Maldonado lectured and the students were bored.
( 2 T -unit/s)
How many t-units?
The students prepared and did well on their exams.
1 T-unit/s
What is an initiator?
Adverb that begins a sentence
Only, at least, less than, almost
what is a determiner?
adjective - quantifier, article, possessive, demonstrative, numerical terms
what is a modal auxiliary?
used to indicate feeling, mood, permission (“may”), determination or willingness (“will”), promise (“shall” more formal), possibility (“might”), and ability (“can”)
degree of uncertainty
What 3 things do mature narratives have?
- Plot – organizing theme of the narrative
- Setting – characters involved, location of the story, and the time of the story
- Episodes – Series of events
what do episodes have?
- Initiating event or complication – the cause - effect flows from here
- Internal response – character’s internal feelings
- Reaction (plan of action) – the plan or goal of the characters as a result of the initiating event
- Attempt to solve the problem
- Consequence – achievement of character’s goals
- Resolution – main character’s reaction to consequences
- Ending
what are heaps?
(~ 2 years)
a. Sets of unrelated statements about a central character or event
b. No real story line or sequencing
c. No cause or effect
Heaping=dumping information without connecting pieces
What is chaining?
(~ 2-3 years)
a. Events linked by similar events or attributes
b. Connect or “chain” one sentence to another as a chronology to events (more typical of 4-year-olds)
what is centering/primitive narratives?
a. Organized around center event or person
b. Related in concept (complementary)
c. Not organized
What are real plot narratives?
- Unfocused Chains (~ 5 years)
a. one event leads to another with character shift
b. story elements are linked- Focused Chains (~ 9 years)
a. events “focus” on a character coursing through connected events
b. may exclude character’s motivation for actions
- Focused Chains (~ 9 years)
what are true/complete narratives?
(~ 10-12 years)
a. Contain all elements of mature narratives
b. Stories have introductions, a solid plot, climax, and ending
What are complex narratives?
(~ 13+ years)
a. Main and supporting characters
b. Subplots
