Exam 1

Question 1

the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

Answer 1

Social Reproduction

Question 2

description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist’s perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

Answer 2

Etic Perspective

Question 3

an analytic framework developed by Kimberle Crenshaw for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

Answer 3

Intersectionality

Question 4

a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people

Answer 4

Culture

Question 5

self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one’s conception of the world and where one fits in it

Answer 5

Habitus

Question 6

a long-standing debate on what factors – such as biology, genes, culture, and language – determine or even predetermine human behavior and potential

Answer 6

Nature vs. Culture

Question 7

a methodology that requires a researcher to identity how factors of [identity] intersect to influence what they study, what kind of data they can access, what conclusions they come to, and how how they represent themselves and others

Answer 7

Positionality

Question 8

ethnographic research that considers the interactions of all species living on the planet to provide a more-than-human perspective on the world

Answer 8

Multispecies Ethnography

Question 9

study of people’s everyday lives and their communities – their behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together

Answer 9

Cultural Anthropology

Question 10

fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Indigenous populations being devastated by western expansion of European settlers

Answer 10

Salvage Anthropology

Question 11

the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

Answer 11

Cultural Capital

Question 12

a research strategy for understanding the world through intense interaction with a local community of people over an extended period

Answer 12

Fieldwork

Question 13

the ability or potential to bring about change through actions of influence; often naturalized; profoundly culturally-constructed but appears inevitable/natural

Answer 13

Power

Question 14

people’s thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

Answer 14

Racism

Question 15

anthropological writing that blurs the boundaries between genres, disciplines, and theoretical positions

Answer 15

Experimental Ethnography

Question 16

understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their own cultural context without making judgments (“seeing within”)

Answer 16

Cultural Relativism

Question 17

research approach that elucidates the dynamic relationship between phenomena on all scales; connections between phenomena make up complex and often invisible webs of relationships

Answer 17

Contextualization

Question 18

a group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are

Answer 18

Ranked Societies

Question 19

practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Answer 19

Colonialism

Question 20

the debunked theory proposed by 19th c. anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex

Answer 20

Social Darwinism/Cultural Evolution

Question 21

a kinship configuration developed in Western industrialized cultures; people are born into a “family of orientation” but when they reach adulthood, they are expected to detach from their family of orientation

Answer 21

Nuclear Family

Question 22

culture is primarily a set of ideas or knowledge shared by a group of people that provides a shared body of information about how to behave, why behave that way, and what that behavior means

Answer 22

Symbolic/Interpretative Anthropology

Question 23

early anthropologists developed their theories of the human condition based on written accounts and opinions of others, having no direct contact with the people they wrote about

Answer 23

Armchair Anthropology

Question 24

the process of collecting anthropological data via fieldwork
AND
the product of anthropological writing and storytelling

Answer 24

Ethnography

Question 25

use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: biological
anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology

Answer 25

Four-field Anthropology

Question 26

the belief that one’s culture of way of life is normal and natural; using one’s own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others

Answer 26

Ethnocentrism

Question 27

a concept developed by Janet Carsten that captures more nebulous forms of connection that don’t fit into the standard idea of kinship and allows one to explore different kinds of connection, such as how human and non-human lives get tied up with one another

Answer 27

Relatedness

Question 28

a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

Answer 28

Egalitarian Society

Question 29

the blood that supposedly holds people together as kin is a highly condensed and invested metaphor for social regulations governing inheritance and property relations. kinship is not a discrete domain of sociality but is deeply rooted in other structures of power

Answer 29

Feminist Anthropology Critiques of “Bloodline”

Question 30

the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture

Answer 30

Stratification

Question 31

the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

Answer 31

Kinship

Question 32

a framework of categories created by Western Europeans to divide the human population into discrete categories with no biological basis

Answer 32

Race

Question 33

asking the question “why do people do the things they do?” always with a self-reflexivity toward understanding how “who you are” impacts what you think

Answer 33

Thinking Anthropologically

Question 34

anthropological perspective on other cultures enables us to perceive our own cultural activities in a new light

Answer 34

Making the Familiar Strange

Question 35

how people exercise power during interactions and how people create identities and values through social discourse

Answer 35

Social Business

Question 36

a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of society’s resources, often maintained through violence

Answer 36

Class-Based Societies

Question 37

an approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world, grasping the world according to one’s interlocutor’s particular points of view

Answer 37

Emic Perspective

Question 38

a continual internal dialogue and critical self-evaluation of a researcher’s positionality as well as active acknowledgment and explicit recognition that this position may affect the research process and outcome

Answer 38

Reflexivity

Question 39

the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and
applying that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another – humanity is one undivided thing but very diverse

Answer 39

Anthropology

Question 40

philosophical and scientific concept that emphasizes the role of experience, evidence, and observation in the formation of knowledge

Answer 40

Empiricism

Question 41

the practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly from the people in the study

Answer 41

Polyvocality

Question 42

a research strategy that combines a detailed description of a cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded. every cultural action is more than the action itself; it is also a symbol of deeper meaning

Answer 42

Thick Description