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Exam 1 - A&P Lecture > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The word anatomy means?

A

Greek for “to cut apart”

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2
Q

Cytology ?

A

The study of cells

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3
Q

Gross anatomy is?

A

structures visible to the unaided eye

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Various chemical reactions tht organisms carry out are collectively

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5
Q

Homeostasis?

A

Refers to an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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6
Q

A cell

A

Smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things

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7
Q

The skeletal system

A

Provides support and protection as well as hemopoiesis

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8
Q

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plate?

A

Site of bone elongation and growth

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9
Q

The knobby region at the end of long bone farthest

A

Distal epiphysis

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10
Q

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called?

A

Perforating fibers

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11
Q

Intersistial growth of cartilage?

A

increases its length and occurs internally

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11
Q

An osteoclats looks like?

A

ruffled border and multipe nuclei

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12
Q

During appositional growth of cartilage, cells that produce the matrix?

A

Chondroblasts

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13
Q

What affects osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity ?

A

gravity, mechanical stress, blood calcium, calcitonin + parathyroid hormones

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14
Q

Endochondral ossification begins with ?

A

hyaline cartilage model

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15
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification ?

A
  1. Cartilage model develops
  2. Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms
  3. offification center forms in the diaphysis
  4. ossification centers form in the epiphyses
  5. Bone replaces cartilage
  6. Epiphyseal plates ossify
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16
Q

Mechanical stress is detected by?

A

Osteocytes - then to osteoblast to increase synthesis of osteoid

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17
Q

What hormone inhibits bone growth?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

What vitman synthesised collagen?

A

Vitaman C

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19
Q

Rickets - overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue - lack of ?

A

Vitamin D

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20
Q

Calcitriol ?

A

stimulates absorption of calcium in small intestine

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21
Q

Which hormone has a significant effect on blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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22
Q

components of skeletal systems?

A

Compact bone, trabecular bone, cartilage, ligaments

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23
Q

What is the process of bone repair?

A
  1. Fracture hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. bone is remodeled
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24
Q

OSteoporosis

A

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

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25
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing

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26
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

27
Q

Greenstick

A

An incomplete fracture of the bone without actual separation of the parts

28
Q

Comminuted

A

Bone fragments into many pieces

29
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

30
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place

31
Q

Inramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

32
Q

Appoistional growth

A

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

33
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

34
Q

Chondrocytes

A

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

35
Q

Compact bone

A

Adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses

36
Q

Yellow bone marrow contains ?

A

fat

37
Q

Which cell secretes the matrix of bone?

A

Osteoblast

38
Q

What tissue is the forerunner of long bones ?

A

Hyaline cartilage

39
Q

what can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A

Decreased epiphyseal plate activity

40
Q

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the

A

diaphysis

41
Q

Ossification of the ends of long bones

A

is produced by secondary ossification centers

42
Q

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood

A

Epiphyseal plate

43
Q

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity
during infancy and childhood

A

growth hormone

44
Q

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone b

A

Perforating fibers (sharpeys)

45
Q

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

A

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

46
Q

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A

Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

47
Q

The process of bones increasing in thickness?

A

Appositional growth

48
Q

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons.
Which of the following cells accomplishes this process

A

Osteoclast

49
Q

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the
bloodstream

A

PTH

50
Q

Wolff’s law is concerned with

A

The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

51
Q

Cranial bones develop?

A

within fibrous membranes

52
Q

in humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to

A

emporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

53
Q

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

54
Q

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from
within.

55
Q

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows

A

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

56
Q

Spongy bone contains

A

trabeculae

57
Q

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of

A

bone formation

58
Q

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through

A

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

59
Q

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest
importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A

growth hormone

60
Q

In some cases, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What
might be the cause?

A

elevated levels of sex hormones

61
Q

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of

A

Calcium and Vit D

62
Q

What tissue forms the model of endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage

63
Q

the pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement
during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both
pressure and stretch

A

fibrocartilage

64
Q

structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes
in compact bone.

A

Canaliculi

65
Q

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is
referred to as an

A

Osteocyte

Exam 1 - A&P Lecture (2 decks)

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