Exam 1

Question 1

what is a pathogen?

Answer 1

any disease causing organism

Question 2

what is an antibody?

Answer 2

a soluble factor produced by B cells (IgG, IgM)

Question 3

what is an antigen?

Answer 3

molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response; but are present on all cells and can be used to identify different cell types

Question 4

what is an epitope

Answer 4

a small portion of an antigen recognized by an antibody or T cell

Question 5

where are most immune cells?

Answer 5

diffuse across the body, in the lymphatics, spleen, and appendix

Question 6

how does the bone marrow contribute to the immune system?

Answer 6

produces blood stem cells (B cells mature here)

Question 7

how does the thymus contribute to the immune system?

Answer 7

T-cells mature here

Question 8

how does the spleen contribute to the immune system?

Answer 8

it removes red blood cells, removes infections, and activates lymphocytes

Question 9

how do lymph nodes contribute to the immune system?

Answer 9

“barracks” of immune system

Question 10

how do lymphatic vessels contribute to the immune system?

Answer 10

has fluid leaked from blood

Question 11

how do brain lymphatics contribute to the immune system?

Answer 11

hide in channels of the skull (think its what goes wrong in neurodegenerative diseases)

Question 12

what are neutrophils?

Answer 12

the first line of inflammatory defense in the innate immune system, respond immediately

Question 13

macrophages

Answer 13

are important for the resolution of inflammation in the innate immune system and clean up viruses, dead tissue, etc. they sit in the edges of the lymphatic system, living as monocytes before being developed

Question 14

professional antigen prensenting cells

Answer 14

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Question 15

cytokines

Answer 15

most are inflammatory, but IL-10 is anti-inflammatory !!
secreted by almost all cells to call more cells to battle

Question 16

B lymphocytes

Answer 16

make antibodies, make up the humoral immunity

Question 17

T lymphocytes

Answer 17

T-helper, T-killer, make up cellular immunity

Question 18

the role of B lymphocyte in the immune response

Answer 18

secretes antibodies to block infection

Question 19

what is the role of helper T lymphocytes?

Answer 19

they activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

Question 20

what is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Answer 20

they kill infected cells

Question 21

the process of B cell activation

Answer 21

1. receptor recognizes an antigen
2. it then displays class II MHC and a helper T cell binds to it, further activating the B cell
3. the helper T cell releases cytokines to call other lymphatic cells there
4. the activated B cell becomes a plasma cell and releases millions of antibodies

Question 22

what occurs in anergy?

Answer 22

the B cell doesn’t experience signal 2 (when the T cell further activates it) so it doesn’t mount a full auto-immune reaction

Question 23

what are antibodies?

Answer 23

proteins that recognize specific antigens and are released by B cells

Question 24

T cells

Answer 24

recognize foreign antigens on the surface of cells, organisms, tissues, they regulate proliferation of other immune cells (B cells, macrophages, neutrophils)

Question 25

helper T cells

Answer 25

recognises antigens on surface of phagocytes, enlarge and clone
- secrete cytokines and interferon which stimulate B-cells and killer cells

Question 26

killer T cells

Answer 26

(aka cytotoxic)
- destroy abnormal body cells (ex. infected cells)
- releases perforin that formes pores in target cells

Question 27

memory T cells

Answer 27

can survive a long time and offer lifetime immunity
- can stimulate memory B cells to produce antibodies and trigger production of killer T cells

Question 28

what is immediate/ proximate causation?

Answer 28

biologically supported behavior (“how”)
ex. how do birds sing? they have a voice box

Question 29

what is an evolutionary/ natural selection-based causation

Answer 29

the evoluntionary advantage in the context (“Why”)
ex. how do birds sing?
rich songs means that they are healthy

Question 30

the developmental explanation

Answer 30

how you’ve learned through life (“How”)
ex. how do birds sing?
they’ve learned the songs from their relatives

Question 31

the adaptive function explanation

Answer 31

survival function (“Why”)
ex. how do birds sing?
to attract mates

Question 32

what is stress?

Answer 32

a state of threatened homeostasis

Question 33

what is the stressor?

Answer 33

the thing that’s causing you to feel imbalanced

Question 34

what is the stress response?

Answer 34

how your body responds to said stressor

Question 35

what is cortisol?

Answer 35

a type of glucocorticoid released from the HPA axis, they bind to nuclear receptors to induce or block transcription